PSYU2239 Cognitive Psych - Working Memory Flashcards
2024 Semester 1
What are architecture and processes in memory?
Architecture is the framework, the way in which the memory is organised.
Processes, the activities occurring within the memory system
Multistore model of memory - explain the difference between structures vs processes
Structure is HOW the memory is organised, the infrastructure
Processes are the activities occurring within the memory system
Multistore model of memory places emphasis on the structural aspects of memory vs processes
What are the 3 main criticisms of the multistore model of memory?
1 over emphasized the structural aspects of memory ie for short term memory there is STM store, LTM, LTM store
2 STM store and LTM sore are not unitary, they do not operate exclusive of one another
3 STM is NOT the gateway to LTM - the systems are interconnected
Referencing the journal article the selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory, Brain. Warrington. The patient KF had a left parieto-occipital fracture. Suffers from an inability to repeat verbal material. However his paired associate learning (baby cry) was normal. Which indicated an issue with what?
Second how does this identify an issue in the multistore model of memory?
According to the multistore model of memory, short term memory is a gateway to long term memory, in this case, if this was true, KF wouldn’t be able to perform paired associate words as this is a long term memory function
Impaired STM but intact LTM
STM is not a gateway to LTM and they do not work in isolation
Working memory has replaced the terminology or is park of….
Episodic memory and semantic memory have replace what term:…
STM
LTM
What is memory
Encoding - create
storage - store
retrieval - access
Does long term memory have limited or unlimited capacity?
Unlimited
Since we have a limited capacity in our short term memory we need to organise items what is this called
Organisational encoding where you may group or remember in a particular sequence. Giving structure, a substructure under organisational coding is chucking.
What is the central executive in the working memory system
Resembles attention
deals with cognitively demanding task
modality free
uses slave systems (phonological loop (inner loop) visuo-spatial sketchpad (inner eye))
Long term memory can be broken down into two categories
Explicit / declarative
-semantic - factual knowledge
-episodic - narratives/events
implicit / non-declarative
-procedural how to do things - how do you tie your shoes
Baddeley & Hitch’s Working Memory System is a model based on:
short-term store
short-term store with working memory
long term memory
short term store with working memory
What is the system in the Working Memory System that was proposed later by Baddeley, and that act to integrate the two slave systems
The episodic buffer
Discuss the components of the working memory model by Baddeley & Hitch.
Central executive - resembles attention, control system, coordinates the peripheral storage (slave) systems
Slave systems: visual and speech based. Phonological loop system which holds info in a speech based form, inner voice. Visuo-spatial sketchpad, specialised for spatial visual coding, inner eye.
Episodic buffer: holds and integrates slave system information, integrates and combines.
For the working memory model, do the visuo-spatial, episodic buffer, and the phonological loop operate independently? And what is there capacity (describe)
All components of the system are relatively independent of one another with limited capacity.
If two tasks use the same component, they can’t be performed successfully together ie phonological loop and phonological loop . If two tasks use different components, they can be performed together ie visuo-spatial & phonological loop.
What is the phonological loop system?
The phonological loop system is the assumed verbal / speech based memory.
How does the phonological loop system work?
The phonological loop system works in a loop, there there is a passive phonological store and a articulatory control process. In addition, there is a visual word presentation. input is received from all three although the primary input directly into the phonological store is from the auditory word presentation, there is also input from the visual word presentation and the articulatory control process.
In the phonological similarity effect; doing a serial recall ie
phonologically similar fee he knee lee etc
phonologically dissimilar bay hoe it odd etc
Which immediate recall is worse and suggested reason why?
Phonologically dissimilar rates higher, which suggests we use speech-based rehearsal processes within the phonological loop.
What is articulatory suppression (also called concurrent articulation)?
While saying out loud a repetitive word/s this stops the (subvocal) articulatory rehearsal of the to-be-remembered material
In memory recall, does work length effect complexity or duration?
Articulatory duration rather than the linguistic/phonological complexity. So the longer the word, even if its the same amount of syllables it will be harder for people to recall.
What is articulatory rehearsal?
When holding a particular set of information in their heads like a phone number. They often repeat this information over and over again.
What is Norman and Shallice’s view of attentional control?
Several attentional schemas may be activated all at once, what determines which is the right response is one of two ways,
contention scheduling coordinates several action schemas on the basis of strength of the schema where practice strengthens the schema ie word reading is more practiced than colour naming, routine habits prevail.
Supervisory attention system SAS - fully conscious control, flexibly controls selection of action schemas according to goal or task. Novel situations where routine control is insufficient ie Stroop task, so you name the colour and not the word.
What is executive functioning and what area of the brain houses it?
Executive function is a set of skills that help you get things done. These skills are controlled by an area of your brain called the frontal lobe, and they help you do things such as manage your time, pay attention, plan and organize, remember details, and multitask.
Which of the following finding indicates the capacity of the phonological loop is limited by temporal duration?
Question 1Select one:
a.
The phonological similarity effect
b.
The word length effect in immediate serial recall
c.
The finding that free recall of picture names is better for those that sound alike (e.g., CAP, CAT, TAP, MAP)
d.
All of the above
e.
None of the above
The correct answer is: The word length effect in immediate serial recall
The phonological loop has been suggested to be involved in the learning of new word forms. Which of the following effect of articulatory suppression best supports this claim?
Question 2Select one:
a.
It slows the learning of pairs of Italian words in native Italian speakers
b.
It slows the learning of Italian-Russian word pairs in native Italian speakers
c.
Both a and b
d.
It removes the word length effect
e.
All of the above
The correct answer is: It slows the learning of Italian-Russian word pairs in native Italian speakers
What is articulatory suppression?
articulatory suppression
a method used to inhibit subvocal rehearsal of items in a memory test or experiment by requiring the participant to perform a distracting verbal task, such as counting or naming, during the retention period.
Is the phonological loop involved in learning new words?
It is claimed that the phonological loop part of the model is a critical mechanism for learning new words. The phonological loop has two linked components: the phonological short-term store, and the sub-vocal rehearsal mechanism. Items in the store decay over time (around 2,000 ms, Baddeley, Thomson & Buchanan, 1975).
What is an example of the phonological similarity effect?
For example, the phonological similarity effect refers to the observation that remembering lists of similar-sounding words (e.g., bat, ran, rat, pat, pan) is impaired relative to lists of words with more distinct sounds (e.g., clock, bird, bus, tree, kite), specifically when order must be maintained (Baddeley, 1968
What is the phonological similarity effect?
The phonological similarity effect (or acoustic confusion effect) consists of poor serial recall performance for lists composed of similar‐sounding words compared to lists of dissimilar‐sounding items.
