PSYU2239 Cognitive Psych - Episodic Memory

Question 1

What is episodic memory?

Answer 1

Episodic memory is the memory of everyday events that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at particular times and places.

Question 2

What are some of the criticisms of the multistore model?

Answer 2

Unitary

Question 3

What are the components of memory processes?

Answer 3

Encoding, storage and retrieval

Question 4

Long term memory is NOT unitary, it takes on multiple divisions. State the divisions of long term memory.

Answer 4

Declarative memory and procedural memory

Declarative memory can be broken up into semantic memory and episodic memory.

Question 5

What does episodic memory fall under: declarative memory or procedural memory in the long term memory?

Answer 5

Declarative memory

Question 6

In long term memory: declarative memory; what is the difference between semantic memory and episodic memory?

Answer 6

Episodic memory is specific to a time or event specific to you and your experience, it is not general knowledge like semantic memory.

Question 7

Encoding processes: What is Craik & Lockharts level of processing framework?

Answer 7

According to the model, three levels of processing can occur when information is encoded into memory:
shallow processing (sensory) what you see
intermediate processing (phonetic) what it sounds like
and deep processing (semantic) what it means
Shallow processing: the first level of processing is the shallowest which involves structural processing.

Question 8

Encoding processes: According to Craik & Tulving encoding - levels of processing results regarding episodic memory reveals which orientating task encodes words more deeply; visual, phonemic or semantic?

Answer 8

Semantic. However this is different to a recollection or recall test.

Question 9

Encoding processes: What is the difference between generative and nongenerative note taking?

Answer 9

Generative note taking involves summarising, paraphrasing, concept mapping = deeper processing

Nongenerative note taking involves verbatim coping = shallow processing

Question 10

Retrieval: What is the encoding specificity principle (Tulving)?

Answer 10

The encoding specificity principle is the theory that memory retrieval is improved when the encoding context is the same as the retrieval context. In other words, memory is more likely to be recalled when the cues present during retrieval match the cues present during encoding.

Matched encoding between: encoding and text is important

Question 11

Retrieval: What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory retrieval?

Answer 11

Implicit memory and explicit memory are both types of long-term memory.

Information you remember unconsciously and effortlessly (like how to ride a bike) is known as implicit memory

Information that you have to consciously work to remember (such as recalling items on your to-do list) is known as explicit memory.

Question 12

Retrieval: What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory tests?

Answer 12

Explicit memory involves recalling previously learned information that requires conscious effort to receive, while implicit memory is unconscious and effortless. Explicit memory fades in the absence of recall, while implicit memory is more robust and may last a lifetime, even without further practice.

Question 13

Retrieval: for amnesic individuals, in the study by Graf, Squire & Mandler, did they perform better at the explicit memory tests or the implicit tests and why?

Answer 13

Amnesic patients do well on implicit tests, same as the control group, where the explicit tests they perform poorly on. Impairment in memory binding - basic explanation but not fully correct as its a statement and doesn’t explain: amnesic patients have impaired explicit memory but intact implicit memory.

it’s because explicit memory tests require retrieval of contextual information bound to the episode.

Question 14

Retrieval: Amnesia, what is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia and how does it affect their memory?

Answer 14

Anterograde amnesia: affects all formation of future memory, unable to retain new facts learned since their trauma. Can learn new skills, show repetition priming in implicit memory tests. In STM, once you move away from that and come back to recall, they are not able to do this.

Retrograde amnesia: affects all past memories form from before the trauma.

Question 15

Semantic memory:

Answer 15

Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives. This general knowledge is intertwined in experience and dependent on culture. New concepts are learned by applying knowledge learned from things in the past.

Question 16

How to ride a bicycle is an example of

Question 1Select one:

a.
semantic memory
b.
episodic memory
c.
declarative memory
d.
procedural memory
e.
working memory

Answer 16

This is a straightforward question about the classification of memory systems

The correct answer is: procedural memory

Question 17

Schacter, Church & Bolton (1995) presented a list of words spoken by different speakers to amnesic and control subjects, then later asked them to identify words presented in noisy background. Controls identified words spoken in the same voice better than words paired with a different voice but amnesic subjects showed no difference. This finding means:

Question 2Select one:

a.
Only the amnesics, not the controls, showed implicit memory
b.
Only the amnesics, not the controls, showed repetition priming
c.
amnesics lack the ability to bind the context with the memory event
d.
amnesics are impaired in explicit memory
e.
all of the options

Answer 17

This finding indicates that amnesics may show impaired performance on an implicit test of memory if the task requires the binding of item (the word) with context (specific voice).

The correct answer is: amnesiacs lack the ability to bind the context with the memory event