PSYU2222 Psych Health & Wellbeing

Question 1

The biopsychosocial model suggests that:

Answer 1

A person’s health is determined by the interaction of biological, psychological, and social processes.

Question 2

What is evidence based practice?

Answer 2

EBP is a process used to review, analyse, and translate the latest scientific evidence. The goal is to quickly incorporate the best available research, along with clinical experience and patient preference, into clinical practice.

Question 3

The Ancient Greek philosopher, Hippocrates, claimed that good health was related to ______________.

Answer 3

A balance of humours, or fluids, within the body.

Question 4

Health psychology is a branch of psychology that studies:

Answer 4

The relation between psychological variables and health.

Question 5

James has been admitted to a palliative (end-of-life) clinic that specialises in biomedical approaches to minimise the pain and suffering associated with end-of-life. Despite James reporting that his physical suffering is diminishing, what aspects of his health may not be directly addressed under the biomedical model?

Answer 5

James’ psychological, social, and spiritual needs.

Question 6

Bob, who is experiencing fits and seizures, has been placed in a 16th Century asylum in London, England. His “treatment” will MOST likely include ________.

Answer 6

Restraining the body.

Question 7

Bob, a 30-year-old professional, experiences high levels of stress due to his demanding job and long working hours. He maintains a healthy diet, exercises regularly, and has a strong social support network. Despite these efforts, he often finds himself feeling dissatisfied with his overall life. In Bob’s case, his dissatisfaction with life aligns with which dimension of wellbeing?

Answer 7

Mental Wellbeing.

Question 8

Research is being conducted but evidence is not being effectively transferred into action. This may be because of:

Answer 8

Eminence-based practice (older, better you must be, authority
)
Media, marketing, and self-help
Individual psychology (cognitive bias)

Question 9

Is Physiognomy and Phrenology a real science? And what is it?

Answer 9

No they are both pseudoscience.
Physiognomy is reading a persons personality according to their facial features and expression. Receding chin means weak.
Phrenology personality traits are represented by areas of the brain and size, bumps determines the corresponding skill or trait.

Question 10

What is cognitive bias?

Answer 10

Cognitive bias is the tendency to act in an irrational way due to our limited ability to process information objectively. It is not always negative, but it can cloud our judgement and affect how clearly we perceive situations, people, or potential risks.

Question 11

What are the 4 (A’s) attributes of a professional?

Answer 11

1 Accountability
2 Advocacy
3 Altruism
4 Autonomy

Question 12

Qualitative vs Quantitative research. Describe each noting the differences.

Answer 12

While both share the primary aim of knowledge acquisition, quantitative research is numeric and objective, seeking to answer questions like when or where. On the other hand, qualitative research is concerned with subjective phenomena that can’t be numerically measured, like how different people experience grief.

Question 13

Exam questions!!! Selecting a qualitative method! What are the 4 qualitative methods?

Answer 13

Phenomenological methods - human experiences
Grounded theory - social process, peoples reactions to…
Ethnographic method - cultural patterns
Case study method - capturing stories, details and complexities

Question 14

Quantitative observational research - This is a non-experimental design which means research without intervention….. you are not manipulating the variables…..observing. Identify the design used in this type of research and a brief explanation.

Answer 14

Ex Post Facto Design:
Ex post facto design is considered a quasi-experimental type of study, which means that participants are not randomly assigned, but rather grouped together based upon specific characteristics or traits they share. Ex post facto research focuses on how actions that have already occurred can predict certain causes.

Question 15

What is the difference between prospective studies and retrospective studies.

Answer 15

Prospective studies, begin with participants that are condition-free and follow them over time to see who develops a condition versus who does not.
Retrospective studies, looking at people with the condition and look backwards to see if you can identify why these participants have the condition.

Question 16

There are levels of evidence also known as the hierarchy of evidence that evaluates health research:

Level 9: Meta-analysis (MA)

Level 8: Systematic review (SR)

Level 7: randomised control trial (RCT):

Level 6: Non-randomized control trial (quasi-experiment)

Level 5: cohort study

Level 4: case-control study

Level 3: case series (or time series)/before and after study

Level 2: case study/report (n=1 study)

Level 1: expert opinion

Briefly explain each and identify which is the lowest form if evidence vs the most ideal.

Answer 16

Level 9 highest: Meta-analysis (MA): objective statistical method used to combine and analyse the result of multiple independent studies.

Level 8: Systematic review (SR) a comprehensive and transparent literature review that uses explicit, systematic review of all available evidence.

Level 7: randomised control trial (RCT): the most rigorous design of health research to determine whether a cause-effect relation exists between treatment and outcome.

Level 6: Non-randomized control trial (quasi-experiment) compares control and treatment group outcomes

Level 5: cohort study: longitudinal studies

Level 4: case-control study: compares groups

Level 3: case series (or time series)/before and after study - very rare situations.

Level 2: case study/report (n=1 study) based on an individual

Level 1: expert opinion, better than a website or a book, low level evidence because of possible bias.

Question 17

When looking at the hierarchy of evidence that evaluates health research, as you work your way up the levels:
The potential for bias is increased/reduced
The internal validity is increased/reduced
Therefore the strength of evidence is increased/reduced

Answer 17

reduced
increased
increased

Question 18

**TEST ** In a randomised controlled trial (RCT), what is more important the measurement before the intervention or the measurement after the intervention?

Answer 18

After, as this is the result the researcher cares about

Question 19

What is the placebo effect?

Answer 19

Is the improvement due to experiencing an intervention or event, whether real or not.

The ritual of intervention rather, than the intervention itself, may produce beneficial effects.

Question 20

What is the difference between sympathy and empathy?

Answer 20

Sympathy you feel for people, empathy you feel with people.

The Differences Between Empathy and Sympathy

Empathy is shown in how much compassion and understanding we can give to another. Sympathy is more of a feeling of pity for another. Empathy is our ability to understand how someone feels while sympathy is our relief in not having the same problems.

Question 21

Discuss the 4 stages of the skilled helper model by Egan (1990’s)

Answer 21

Purpose: 4 questions as a helping model to focus on problem management and change in others:

Stage 1: What is your current scenario?
Exploration stage.

Stage 2: What is your preferred scenario?
Challenges stage.

Stage 3: What are the option for you getting there?
Action stage.

Stage 4: What specific actions are you committing to?
Action stage.

Question 22

What are two forms of reflection as described by chon (1983)?

Answer 22

Reflection-in-action: reflection when you consider the activity afterwards

Reflection-on-action: reflection when you consider the activity afterward

Question 23

What is the difference between equality and equity?

Answer 23

Equality everyone treated the same way
Equity people are different and have different needs. With a little bit consideration to what their needs are they can meet their goals and needs.

Question 24

What is resilience?

Answer 24

Psychological resilience is the ability to cope mentally and emotionally with a crisis, or to return to pre-crisis status quickly.

Question 25

Resilience can be broken up into three categories of definitions; train, process, and outcome. Define each and how they relate to resilience.

Answer 25

Resilience as a:
Trait: determined by fixed personal and environmental characteristics
Process: Emphasise the dynamic processes involved
Outcome: resilience as a result of dynamic person-situation interactions.

Question 26

When researching resilience, what are four areas of inquiry referred to in the lectures as the four waves of inquiry?

Answer 26

Traits and environmental factors (characteristics, predict success)
Mediating and moderating processes (protective factors promoting functioning, factors protective for certain people)
Active intervention (how to bolster resilience)
Multi-systems frameworks (factors across multiple levels interact? model dynamical change in resilience?)

Question 27

Models of resilience - the multi-system model of resilience. What is the focus of this model?

Answer 27

Resilience as an outcome of a dynamical interactions between the individual and their socio-ecological context.

Question 28

Models of resilience - The resiliency model of family stress, adjustment and adaptation. What is the focus of this model?

Answer 28

Draws on family systems perspective to understand how families manage stress and adjustment. Core contextual layers: family typology, unique family schemas, access to resources.

Question 29

Models of resilience - Multilevel model of team resilience. What is the focus of this model?

Answer 29

Applies resilience to the study of team functioning

Question 30

Models of resilience - Systematic self reflection model. What is the focus of this model?

Answer 30

Aims to explain how resilience can be built via exposure to stressors. Distinction between resilience capacities and resilience outcomes.

Question 31

What are the avenues for intervention for building resilience? Recall, what we target? Resilience is not the thing you target, it is the outcome we are seeking.

Answer 31

What we target:
1. intra-individual factors - coping and emotion regulation, self-efficacy and optimism, mood control, cognitive flexibility, problem-solving skills.
2. Interpersonal factors - relationship quality, support seeking behaviours, communication skills, education.
3. Contextual factors - Finances, geographic factors, family dynamics, workplace experience.

Question 32

How do we build the target capacities of:
1. Intra-individual factors
2. Interpersonal factors
3. Contextual factors

Answer 32

Common approaches include
1. Evidence based approaches (CBT, mindfulness)
2. Physical activity
3. Psychoeducation
4. Social support
as well as systematic reflection

Question 33

Which interventions are effective in building resilience?

Answer 33

1. CBT - cognitive flexibility focus, address dysfunctional thought patterns.
2. Mindfulness - focus on the present moment, purposeful, non-judgemental observation.
3. Stress management and self-regulation training - skills based, support seeking, mood and emotion regulation.
4. Alternative approaches - psychoeducation - focus on adaptive coping skills fundamentals of stress.

Question 34

Various meta-analyses have found that CBT evidence-based interventions (e.g., Cognitive Behavioural Therapy) are an effective means of promoting resilience. Which is not a likely mechanism by which they work?

Question 1Answer

a.
Promoting the developed a fixed / categorical mindset, that is seeing things as permanent, black/white.
b.
By enhancing an individuals’ capabilities around emotion regulation (via teaching coping strategies).
c.
By facilitating behavioural activation, that is encouraging individuals towards productive action.
d.
By strengthening problem-solving skills, allowing the individual to address and navigate their own challenges more effectively.

Question 35

In the Systematic Self-Reflection Model, a key proposition is that reflection will not be effective without self-insight. How does the model suggest that self-insight leads to the development of resilience capacities?

Question 2Answer

a.
Self-insight reinforces one’s existing behavioural patterns, leading them to be more stubborn in the face of stress.
b.
The model implies that self-insight leads to resilience by encouraging a person to detach from their personal values and beliefs.
c.
Self-insight is focused on developed heightened emotional arousal which promotes rational thinking and action.
d.
Through self-insight, a person aims to objectively analyse the reasons for their actions and address their shortcomings when they face setbacks in the future.

Answer 35

d
Self-reflection and self-insight are thought to work via a cumulative spiral, where insight improves planning and readiness in the next set-back, which further improved reflective capacity.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT correct, regarding approaches to operationalising what counts as adversity?

Question 3Answer

a.
Event Characteristic models (e.g., the ECQ) suggest that different types of events have a different impact on a person’s potential to display resilience.
b.
Adverse events or disruptions are only relevant to study in relation to resilience if they are one off events. That is, chronic or repeated events are irrelevant.
c.
Dosage-response models (e.g., Yerkes-Dodson Curve) suggest that the primary reason that a person is able to be resilient is because of the severity of the stressors which they encounter.
d.
Appraisal-based models (e.g., Lazarus-Folkman’s Transactional Model) are a comprehensive means of accounting for the range of situational, appraisal-related, and experiential-related factors contributing to stress.

Answer 36

b
Whilst one-off events are most commonly studies, chronic and repeated events are equally important. It is simply that it is more difficult to account for these events and to incorporate dynamic and complex events into our research methods.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT true?

Question 4Answer

a.
The demonstration of resilience requires one to have experienced some level of adversity, stress or disruption.
b.
A resilient person is one who displays insensitivity / passively responds to the stressors they face.
c.
A person can be described as resilient irrespective of whether they have adapted to their circumstances in a positive manner.
d.
There is not currently a universal consensus on how to define resilience

Answer 37

b
Resilience involves adaptively responding to challenges and stressors, not insensitivity or passive behaviour. Resilient individuals engage actively with their circumstances to overcome adversity.

Question 38

What may be the implications of characterising resilience simply as a personality trait?

Question 5Answer

a.
It enhances the ability of training programs to develop resilience capability.
b.
When used in the context for job descriptions (i.e., criteria requiring an applicant to be resilient or incorporated into psychometric assessments) it reduces bias and supports the overall EDI strategy.
c.
It leads to more accurate and reliable approaches to measurement
d.
It overlooks a person’s potential for growth and development.

Answer 38

d
Characterising resilience as a personality trait disregards the dynamic nature of resilience as something that can be developed and strengthened over time. It implies a fixed state, rather than recognising the potential for growth and adaptability in response to adversity.

Question 39

What is the difference between primary appraisal and secondary appraisal?

Answer 39

Primary appraisal refers to the individuals’ evaluation of the situation in terms of its potential for anticipated harm (i.e. threat) or gain (i.e. challenge; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1987).

Secondary appraisal refers to the individuals’ evaluations to cope with the stressor (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).

Question 40

The biopsychosocial model suggests that:

Question 1Select one:

a.
psychological factors play an unimportant role in the treatment of chronic disease
b.
a person’s health behaviours are an automatic consequence of a given social context
c.
a person’s health is determined by the interaction of biological, psychological, and social processes
d.
a healthy body is one that is free of disease
e.
pathogens and other biological factors are unimportant when considering a person’s health

Answer 40

c

Question 41

In clinical trials, the most important comparison is between the _________.

Question 1Answer
a.
control group baseline scores and end scores
b.
intervention group and control group end scores
c.
population and intervention group scores
d.
intervention group baseline scores and end scores

Answer 41

b

Question 42

We are interested in the experience of men over 50 years of age who are experiencing pre-mature balding. Qualitative research cannot tell us _______.

Question 3Answer

a.
if the men think being bald affects their self-esteem
b.
how being bald has affected the men’s relationships
c.
how men’s balding is socially constructed in the media through language and other representations
d.
how many men in NSW are bald
e.
some reasons the men think present challenges to being bald

Answer 42

d

Question 43

Which of the following is MOST representative of the placebo effect?

Question 4Answer

a.
Anxiety is reduced after deep meditation.
b.
Anxiety is reduced almost immediately after swallowing a tranquiliser, well before it is absorbed into the bloodstream.
c.
Anxiety is reduced after intensive progressive muscle relaxation.
d.
Anxiety is significantly increased after a doing Pilates.

Answer 43

b
Anxiety is reduced by the expectation that the tranquiliser will be effective.

Question 44

An advertisement for a common antidepressant reports that “4,000 participants with clinical depression were treated with our medicine. Within 3-weeks, 98% were asymptomatic.” The advertisement claims that the medicine was effective. Based on the evidence given above, the findings _________.
Question 5Answer

a.
may be incorrect because no control or comparison group was involved
b.
show that the medication is ineffective
c.
may be incorrect because the follow-up time was not long enough
d.
indicate that this medication is very effective in treating depression

Answer 44

a
No control or comparison group means that the experiment is non-experimental, and no causal claims can be made.

Question 45

If a study is titled “Patients’ experiences of reflexology – A focus group study”, then it most likely is _______ study.

Question 6Answer

a. a non-experimental (observational) quantitative
b. a phenomenological
c. a grounded theory
d. a case-design
e. an ethnographic

Answer 45

b
The word “experience” is a give away to this being a qualitative phenomenological study

Question 46

Bob is conducting a research study that involves accessing public health records from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. This would be a/an ______________ study design.
Question 7Answer

a. qualitative
b. retrospective
c. observational
d. correlational
e. prospective

Answer 46

b
You clearly understand how to analyse a case study to apply your knowledge correctly, well done!

Question 47

Bob tells his psychotherapist: “My whole world is a mess and nobody cares for me or is concerned about what happens to me.” Bob’s therapist knows that he has many friends who are concerned about him, but she tells him: “I understand why you might feel that way right now, and it must be difficult for you to deal with your feelings of abandonment.” In this interaction, Bob’s therapist is displaying ____________ , which is essential to an effective therapeutic alliance.

Question 1Answer

a.
empathy
b.
summarising
c.
attending
d.
paraphrasing

Answer 47

a
The therapist demonstrates understanding and sensitivity towards Bob’s emotional experience, acknowledging his feelings without judgment or invalidation, thereby fostering empathy, a crucial component of the therapeutic alliance.

Question 48

Egan (1998) proposed that the skilled helper use four questions to guide their helping model to focus on problem management and change for their clients. Which of the following is NOT one of these questions?

Question 2Answer
a.
“How could your life be different to what it currently is?”
b.
“Do you think you can do this?”
c.
“How long are you willing to work at solving your problem(s)?”
d.
“Who is to blame your situation?”

Answer 48

d
Assigning “blame” is not a factor in any helping model.

Question 49

Bob comes to see you for an initial assessment. Drawing on the Egan’s Skilled Helper Model, having conducted Stage 1 to build rapport and an empathic relationship, what would Stage 2 be with Bob?

Question 3Answer

a.
Explore incongruities and conflict related to the problem
b.
Re-story by exploring alternatives to the problem
c.
Set goals mutually by exploring possibilities
d.
Investigating aetiological factors within the biopsychosocial model to aid making a diagnosis in a timely fashion
e.
Gather data on the story and strengths that the client holds

Answer 49

d
You would help Bob explore the details of his story further and help him identify any existing strengths that he may draw on throughout this process.

Question 50

Bob has been working with his psychotherapist and is concretising his identification, evaluation, and replacement of automatic negative thoughts through self evaluation and homework. His therapist MOST likely relied upon ____________ as a guided discovery during therapy.

Question 5Answer

a.
progressive muscle relaxation
b.
Socratic dialogue
c.
active listening
d.
free association

Answer 50

c

Question 51

With regard to a therapist’s gender, research shows:

Question 1Answer

a.
that all clients report better outcomes when seeing therapists who are women
b.
gender is not a factor in client outcomes
c.
you should feel free to look for a therapist with a particular gender identity, if it is personally important to you
d.
it is generally better to choose a therapist who has the same gender as yourself
e.
it is generally better to choose a therapist who has a different gender as yourself

Answer 51

c
If gender identity is a significant consideration for the client, they should select a therapist who must matches their identity-needs.

Question 52

In a remote Indigenous community in Australia, Elders organise regular yarning circles. How might this cultural reinforcement impact the community members’ sense of identity and wellbeing?

Question 2Answer

a.
It may result in decreased engagement with other communities/social groups.
b.
It could lead to the erosion of traditional values and loss of cultural identity over time.
c.
It could contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage and strengthen a sense of belonging.
d.
It might cause conflicts between generations due to differences in attitudes towards cultural practices.
e.
It may lead to increased social isolation and alienation among community members

Answer 52

c
Research in cultural psychology emphasizes the importance of cultural continuity and connection to traditional practices for psychological well-being and identity formation. Engaging in cultural activities provides individuals with a sense of pride, belonging, and connection to their community and cultural identity, which are essential for maintaining psychological resilience and well-being, especially in the face of historical trauma and ongoing challenges.

Question 53

Bob, a psychology student, is conducting research on intergroup relations. They are particularly interested in understanding the factors that influence individual self-esteem and group cohesion. In their study, they explore the significance of group belonging. Which concept BEST captures the properties of groups that cannot be understood by studying individuals alone?

Question 3Answer

a.
Collectivism
b.
Empathy
c.
Cultural Responsivity
d.
Holism
e.
Individualism

Answer 53

d
In the case study, Bob is focusing on understanding the dynamics of intergroup relations, which involves studying the group as a whole rather than just focusing on individual attributes or behaviours. Holism acknowledges that groups have emergent properties that cannot be fully understood by studying individuals alone. By exploring the significance of group belonging in her research, Bob is adopting a holistic approach that recognizes the complex interactions between individuals and their social contexts.

Question 54

What is holism in psychology?

Answer 54

In psychology, holism is an approach to understanding the human mind and behaviour that focuses on looking at things as a whole. It is often contrasted with reductionism, which instead tries to break things down into their smallest parts.

Question 55

Bob, a novice helping professional, is about to start working with a client from a diverse cultural background. He is anxious about potential self-doubt and the challenges of building an effective helping relationship. What advice would be MOST appropriate for Bob to consider in navigating this situation?

Question 4Answer

a.
Avoid admitting limitations to the client as this would only compromise Bob’s credibility.
b.
Make assumptions, as a type of cognitive shortcut, about cultural influences as this will help establish rapport quicker
c.
Focus on textbook knowledge over personal authenticity - this knowledge should help with his confidence
d.
Prioritise the mechanics of the helping process - focussing on the structure and process of therapy will help him overcome these concerns.
e.
Seek ongoing learning about his own cultural background - the more we understand about our own beliefs, the more sensitive we are to the cultural experiences and influences of others

Answer 55

e
Helping professionals, especially those working with diverse populations, must continuously educate themselves about their own cultural values, biases, and assumptions. By understanding their own cultural background, helping professionals can better recognize how their perspectives may influence their interactions with clients from different cultural backgrounds. This self-awareness allows them to approach their work with humility, respect, and an openness to learning from their clients’ perspectives.

Question 56

Many specific therapies have turned out to be irrelevant or counterproductive when used with different social groups/communities. This finding illustrates that:

Question 5Answer

a.
psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
b.
each social group/community should have its own dedicated perspective in psychology
c.
contemporary psychology is theoretically diverse
d.
our experience of the world is highly subjective
e.
our behaviour, both healthy and maladaptive, is shaped by our cultural heritage

Answer 56

Not c

Question 57

The development of ‘physiological toughening’ is associated with stress.

Question 1Answer

a.
occupational
b.
intermittent
c.
chronic
d.
acute

Answer 57

b
The intermittent exposure to some stressors can contribute physical ability to cope with stressful events.

Question 58

Bob witnessed the tragic burning of his neighbour’s property during the 2019 bushfires in Australia, and for many weeks thereafter was irritable, tense, and easily upset. On which scale on the DASS-21 would you expect him to score highly?

Question 2Answer

a.
Anxiety
b.
Depression
c.
Stress
d.
Symptomology

Answer 58

c
Correct! Given the case study, Bob would score high on the Stress Sub-scale of the DASS-21

Question 59

Bob, who is experiencing chronic stress associated with parenting triplets aged 2, can anticipate which of the following health-related concerns?

Question 3Answer

a.
Insomnia and other sleep disturbances.
b.
Poor academic performance.
c.
Sexual difficulties.
d.
All of the above.

Answer 59

d

Correct! Evidence suggests that Bob is at risk for all these health-related concerns as a result of the chronic stress that can be associated with parenting young children.

Question 60

According to Lazarus’ transactional model of stress, whether or not Bob will initially consider an event as stressful depends MOSTLY on .

Question 4Answer

a.
the behavioural response produced by the event
b.
Bob’s coping abilities
c.
the degree of personal threat associated with the event
d.
Bob’s genetic predisposition

Answer 60

c
Correct! The perceived personal severity of the threat/risk of harm/challenge for Bob is likely to impact his primary evaluation of the event as stressful or not.

Question 61

Bob is consulting with a clinical health psychologist who is measuring Bob’s cumulative stress exposure over the past 12 months to predict the likelihood of illness in the foreseeable future. The practitioner is MOST likely using the Scale, developed by Holmes and Rahe (1967).

Question 5Answer

a.
cumulative stress readjustment
b.
stress measurement
c.
social readjustment rating
d.
social readjustment

Answer 61

c
Correct! This is the most common scale for assessing stress exposure and the likelihood of resulting illness, within a 12-month period

Question 62

How is grit similar to resilience?

Question 1Answer

a.
They both relate to academic achievement only
b.
They both correlate with increased social media usage
c.
They both emphasize passion for goals
d.
They both focus on short-term goals exclusively
e.
They both involve perseverance in the face of challenges

Answer 62

e
Correct! Both grit and resilience encompass the quality of perseverance in overcoming challenges, reflecting a fundamental similarity in their underlying constructs. It aligns with the definition of grit as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, and resilience as the ability to bounce back from adversity, indicating their shared emphasis on persevering through difficulties.

Question 63

What is the primary definition of “grit” according to Duckworth et al.?

Question 2Answer

a.
Interest maintained only during success
b.
Short-term perseverance
c.
Perseverance and passion for long-term goals
d.
Passion for short-term goals
e.
Effort maintained only during success

Answer 63

c
Correct! Duckworth et al. (2007) define grit as the combination of perseverance and passion specifically directed towards long-term goals, aligning with their research findings and theoretical framework.

Question 64

According to Lee & Stankov’s (2018) publication, which of the following groups of predictors has the most evidence for its association with academic outcomes?

Question 3Select one:

a.
Socio-economic factors
b.
Self-beliefs
c.
Study strategies and homework
d.
Teacher behaviour
e.
School context or climate

Answer 64

b
Correct! Self-belief variables (e.g. self-efficacy, confidence, etc.) has the most consistent evidence, and the strongest effect size, in predicting academic outcomes.

Question 65

The lecture presented evidence on when persistence is beneficial, versus when it may be detrimental.

According to the Khan et al. (2021) study presented, what level of grit is optimal?

Question 4Select one:

a.
Moderate level of grit
b.
High level of grit
c.
There was no association between grit and goal progress found in this study
d.
Low level of grit
e.
No grit

Answer 65

a
Correct! The study found a curved association between grit and progress towards goals: the highest level of goal progress, as measured through a longitudinal study, was found for individuals with moderate (i.e. mid) levels of grit. Both low grit and high grit were associated with less goal progress than moderate grit.

Question 66

What are some correlations identified between high scores on self-report “Grit” and various outcomes?

Question 5Answer

a.
Interest in outdoor activities
b.
Academic achievement, job success, success in competitive academics (like spelling bees), conscientiousness, increased age
c.
Preference for team-oriented tasks
d.
Increased social media engagement
e.
Greater likelihood of participating in sports

Answer 66

b
Correct! Significant correlations have been found between high scores on self-report “Grit” and academic achievement, job success, success in spelling bees, conscientiousness, and increased age, based on their empirical research and theoretical framework.