PSYU2236 Biopsychology and Learning Flashcards
What is the difference between non-associative and associative learning?
Non-associative learning: Non-associative learning is the simplest yet fundamental form of learning that does not require stimuli association or pairing. Habituation and sensitization constitute the two major forms of non-associative learning and are opposite to each other in terms of the elicited responses upon continual presentation of the stimulus.
Associative learning: any learning process in which a new response becomes associated with a particular stimulus.
Types of non-associative learning?
Habituation and sensitisation
What purpose does habituation serve? What are examples?
Habituation is the progressive decrease in response amplitude or frequency as a consequence of repeated experience with stimulus. ie a humming refrigerator. When exposed to one, you generally begin to desensitise to the humming. If you leave and come back it may be noticeable but then disappear. Other examples are traffic, voices, the world outside.
Habituation serves to weed out stimulus of little or no importance.
What purpose does sensitisation serve? What are examples?
Sensitisation is an increase in response to amplitude or frequency as a consequence of repeated experience with a stimulus. Sensitisation is typically NOT stimulus-specific. Happens when we are anticipating an important stimulus so that we are prepared for important cues.
Mosquito is an example vs a fan at night.
When does habituation versus sensitisation occur?
Sensitisation is thought to be a companion process to habituation that opposes the effects of habituation in many, but not all situations.
How does the dual process theory account for habituation and sensitisation?
The underlying processes of habituation and sensitisation can co-occur. The observable behaviour is the sum of these two processes.
This theory advocated that repeated stimulation would produce two independent processes that could both be active at the same time: decreased responsiveness (habituation) or increased responsiveness (sensitization). The authors believed that the two processes take place in different parts of the nervous system.
Is habituation sensory adaptation? And what is sensory adaptation, give example.
Habituation is not sensory adaptation. Sensory adaptation is the sensory receptors to fatigue and stop responding to an unchanging stimulus, they change their sensitivity to the stimulus. Sensory fatigue, physiological you are no longer responding. Spot on the eye, eventually you stop responding or seeing the spot as it means nothing to see it and it serves no purpose.
Jumping into cold water, sensory adaptation, you can never recapture the initial shock, you become sensitised to the water and the initial shock can not be experienced again to that degree. Whereas a noise can be tuned out through habituation, and then re-engaged with if you decide.
What is bottom up and top down processing?
Bottom-up and top-down processing are two different ways of making sense of stimuli. In bottom-up processing, we allow the stimulus itself to shape our perception, without any preconceived ideas. In top-down processing, we use our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see.
How do they test non-associative learning: sensitisation and habituation?
Usually tested through the startle response and orientating response.
What is dishabituation?
Dishabituation is when you start reacting to a stimulus again after habituating to it, because something about the stimulus has changed. For example, if you learn to ignore a loud sound, you may pay attention if the tone of the sound changes. This is why the sirens on emergency vehicles change.
What is desensitisation?
In psychology, desensitisation is a treatment or process that diminishes emotional responsiveness to a negative, aversive, or positive stimulus after repeated exposure.
What are the two cells types of the nervous system?
Although the nervous system is very complex, nervous tissue consists of just two basic types of nerve cells: neurons and glial cells. Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. They transmit electrical signals, called nerve impulses. Glial cells provide support for neurons
What are the 4 parts to most neurons?
Soma (cell body)
Dendrites
Axon
Presynaptic terminals
Afferent vs Efferent neurons?
AFFERENT TOWARDS Nerve cells that carry information toward the central nervous system (or farther centrally within the spinal cord and brain) are called afferent neurons
EFFERENT AWAY Nerve cells that carry information away from the brain or spinal cord (or away from the circuit in question) are called efferent neurons.
What are neurites?
Projections from the cell body of a neuron ie axons and dendrites
How are neurons classified?
Number of neurites
type of dendrites
axon length
neurotransmitter
synaptic connections
Week 2 -The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump
(1 Point)
sodium and potassium ions out of the cell.
sodium and potassium ions into the cell.
sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.
sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell.
sodium and potassium ions in both directions across the cell membrane.
sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.
Week 2 -Repolarization occurs because…
(1 Point)
potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close.
the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level.
the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to open and the diffusion of sodium ions decreases.
more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it.
the extra efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane potential to become slightly more positive than the resting value.potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close.
potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close.
Week 2 -An action potential generates local currents that tend to ________ the membrane immediately adjacent to the action potential.
(1 Point)
repolarize
depolarize
hyperpolarize
stabilize
neutralize
depolarize
Week 2 -The nerve impulse is an electrical current that travels along dendrites or axons.
(1 Point)
True
False
true
Week 2 -Depolarization occurs because
(1 Point)
more Na+ diffuse into the cell than K+ diffuse out of it.
more Na+ diffuse out of the cell than K+ diffuse into it.
both Na+ and K+ diffuse into the cell.
more K+ diffuse out of the cell than Na+ diffuse into it.
more K+ diffuse into the cell than Na+ diffuse out of it.
more Na+ diffuse into the cell than K+ diffuse out of it.
Week 2 -An action potential
(1 Point)
causes the inside of the neuron cell membrane to become positive and the outside neutral.
causes the outside of the neuron cell membrane to become positive and the inside negative.
prevents the neuron cell membrane from altering its charge.
causes the inside of the neuron cell membrane to become positive and the outside negative.
causes the outside of the neuron cell membrane to become positive and the inside neutral.
causes the inside of the neuron cell membrane to become positive and the outside negative.
Week 2 -What is the source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump?
(1 Point)
transport of ATP by the pump
breakdown of ATP
formation of ATP
transport of GTP by the pump
breakdown of GTP
breakdown of atp
Week 2 -Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is TRUE?
(1 Point)
the exterior of the cell has a net negative charge and the interior is neutral
the exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior is neutral
the exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior has a net negative charge
the exterior of the cell is neutral and the interior has a net negative charge
the exterior of the cell has a net negative charge and the interior has a net positive charge
the exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior has a net negative charge
Week 2 -The sodium-potassium pump is involved in establishing the resting membrane potential.
(1 Point)
False
True
true
Week 2 -The absolute refractory period is the period of time during which
(1 Point)
a second action potential is generated.
the action potential decreases in magnitude.
the action potential changes direction.
a second action potential cannot be generated.
the action potential ceases.
a second action potential cannot be generated.
Week 2 -Action potential propagation occurs in both directions along the axon.
(1 Point)
True
False
false
Week 2 -Active transport moves substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration of that substance.
(1 Point)
True
False
false
Week 2 -During one cycle, the sodium-potassium pump binds and moves.
(1 Point)
2 Na+ and 2 K+.
3 Na+ and 2 K+.
2 Na+ and 3 K+.
1 Na+ and 2 K+.
3 Na+ and 3 K+.
3 Na+ and 2 K+.
Week 2 -The sodium potassium exchange pump moves three potassium ions out of the cell and two sodium ions into the cell with each cycle.
(1 Point)
True
False
false
Week 2 -At resting membrane potential, which of the following statements about the voltage-gated sodium ion (Na+) channels is TRUE?
(1 Point)
activation and inactivation gates are closed
activation gates are closed and inactivation gates are open
activation and inactivation gates are open
activation and inactivation gates alternate between open and closed
activation gates are open and inactivation gates are closed
activation gates are closed and inactivation gates are open
Week 2 -During depolarization, which of the following statements about voltage-gated ion channels is TRUE
(1 Point)
K+ gates open before Na+ gates
Na+ and K+ gates open at the same time
Na+ gates open before K+ gates
Na+ gates open while K+ gates remain closed
K+ gates open while Na+ gates remain closed
Na+ gates open before K+ gates
Week 2 -The sodium-potassium pump is a trans-membrane protein.
(1 Point)
False
True
true
Week 2 -The sodium potassium exchange pump is an example of…
(1 Point)
diffusion.
osmosis.
active transport.
filtration.
facilitated diffusion.
active transport
Week 2 -Depolarization occurs because…
(1 Point)
the extra efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane potential to become slightly more positive than the resting value.
more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it.
the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level.
the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to open and the diffusion of sodium ions decreases.
potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close.
more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it.
Week 2 - After the passage of the action potential, the sodium-potassium pump reestablishes the resting membrane potential.
(1 Point)
True
False
true
Week 2 -The voltage-gated potassium channels close before the membrane potential is brought back to its resting level.
(1 Point)
True
False
false
Week 2 -Absolute refractory period causes…
(1 Point)
action potential propagation to increase
action potential propagation to occur in both directions
action potential propagation to occur in one direction
action potential propagation to cease
action potential propagation to begin
action potential propagation to occur in one direction
Week 2 -Threshold is the minimum current required for the cell membrane to generate an action potential.
(1 Point)
False
True
true
Week 2 - Hyperpolarization, or afterpotential occurs because…
(1 Point)
the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level.
more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it.
the extra efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane potential to become slightly more positive than the resting value.
potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close.
the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to open and the diffusion of sodium ions decreases.
the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level.