PSYU2235 Developmental Psych Flashcards
Week 2 What is epigenetics?
The study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence. Epigenetic marks include covalent DNA modifications and posttranslational histone modifications.
Week 1 What are the 3 goals of developmental psychology?
- To describe:
-Normal development
-Individual differences - To explain - individual differences
- Optimise - to make a difference to peoples live trajectories
Week 2 Discuss the importance of understanding the interaction between genes and the environment during prenatal development in the context of developmental psychology.
Answer: This question would require students to explore how genetic predispositions and environmental factors, such as maternal health, nutrition, and stress, interact to influence development before birth. Students should discuss the implications of this interaction for later cognitive, emotional, and physical development, as well as the relevance of this understanding for developmental psychology.
Week 2 What are genes?
A) The process by which cells divide
B) Units of hereditary information
C) A type of protein in the body
D) Cells that carry oxygen
B
Week 2 Which of the following best describes the term “Genome”?
A) A cell organelle
B) A type of protein
C) An algorithm or code
D) A segment of RNA
C
Week 2 What are genes comprised of?
A) Proteins
B) RNA
C) Chromosomes
D) Short segments of DNA
D
Week 2 Where are genes located within a cell?
A) Mitochondria
B) Nucleus
C) Chromosomes
D) Ribosomes
C
Week 2 How many chromosomes do humans have?
A) 23
B) 46
C) 22
D) 24
B
Week 2 What does a pair of sex chromosomes determine?
A) Blood type
B) Eye colour
C) Gender
D) Height
C
Week 2 What are the two types of chromosomes found in human cells?
A) Autosomes and mitochondria
B) Autosomes and sex chromosomes
C) Ribosomes and autosomes
D) Mitochondria and ribosomes
B
Week 2 How are genes inherited from parents?
A) All genes come from the mother
B) All genes come from the father
C) Genes are inherited in pairs, one from each parent
D) Genes are only inherited from the dominant parent
C
Week 2 What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
A) Sexual reproduction
B) Repair of damaged tissues
C) Production of energy
D) Formation of sperm and ova
B
WEEK 2 What is the result of mitosis in terms of cell replication?
A) One single larger cell
B) Two identical cells
C) Four different cells
D) Two cells with different genetic information
B
WEEK 2 How many sets of chromosomes does each cell have after mitosis?
A) One set of chromosomes
B) Two sets of chromosomes
C) Four sets of chromosomes
D) Half a set of chromosomes
B
WEEK 2 Which of the following processes involves mitosis?
A) Formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells)
B) Fertilization
C) Growth and repair of aging tissues
D) Crossing over of chromosomes
C
WEEK 2 What is the main purpose of meiosis?
A) Growth and repair of tissues
B) Energy production
C) Sexual reproduction
D) Asexual reproduction
C
WEEK 2 How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
A) Two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell
B) Four cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell
C) Two identical cells
D) One cell with double the number of chromosomes
B
WEEK 2 What happens during fertilization?
A) The number of chromosomes in the zygote is halved
B) The number of chromosomes in the zygote doubles
C) Chromosome pairs come together to form a zygote
D) The zygote splits into two identical cells
C
WEEK 2 What is the significance of “crossing over” during meiosis?
A) It ensures that each daughter cell is identical to the parent cell
B) It creates cells with double the number of chromosomes
C) It results in a unique mixture of maternal and paternal DNA in each chromosome pair
D) It prevents the mixing of genetic information between the parents
C
WEEK 2 What is unique about each chromosome pair in the fertilized egg (zygote)?
A) Each pair is identical to one parent
B) Each pair is a unique mixture of maternal and paternal DNA
C) Each pair only contains maternal DNA
D) Each pair only contains paternal DNA
B
WEEK 2 What is the chromosome count in a zygote after fertilization?
A) 23 chromosomes
B) 23 pairs of chromosomes
C) 46 single chromosomes
D) 92 chromosomes
B
Week 2 Difference between meiosis and mitosis
The key differences between meiosis and mitosis lie in their purpose, process, and outcomes. Here’s a summary:
Mitosis
Purpose: Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. It is used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in somatic (non-reproductive) cells.
Process:
A single cell undergoes one division cycle, resulting in two identical cells.
Each daughter cell has the full set of chromosomes (diploid, 2n), which means they have two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
Outcome:
Two genetically identical cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell (typically 46 in humans).
Role: Important for general growth, tissue repair, and replacement of old cells.
Meiosis
Purpose: Meiosis is a special type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and ova) for sexual reproduction. It reduces the chromosome number by half to create cells with only one set of chromosomes (haploid).
Process:
Involves two division cycles (Meiosis I and Meiosis II).
The first division (Meiosis I) separates homologous chromosomes, while the second division (Meiosis II) separates sister chromatids, leading to four non-identical cells.
Each resulting cell has half the number of chromosomes (haploid, n) compared to the original cell.
Outcome:
Four genetically unique cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell (23 in humans).
Role: Essential for sexual reproduction, contributing to genetic diversity through recombination and the formation of unique gametes.
Summary
Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells, maintaining the chromosome number, and is used for growth and repair.
Meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells, reducing the chromosome number by half, and is used for sexual reproduction.
WEEK 2 What is a mutation in the context of meiosis or mitosis?
A) A normal and expected outcome of cell division
B) A random mixing of alleles
C) An error in the process of cell division
D) The pairing of dominant and recessive genes
C
WEEK 2 In the dominant-recessive gene principle, how many hereditary elements are there for each trait?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
B
WEEK 2 What are the two alternate forms of the same gene called?
A) Chromosomes
B) Alleles
C) Nucleotides
D) Zygotes
B
WEEK 2 From where do these two hereditary elements come?
A) Both from the male parent
B) Both from the female parent
C) One from each parent
D) They are formed randomly
C
WEEK 2 What happens if an individual has one dominant allele and one recessive allele for a trait?
A) The recessive allele is always expressed
B) The dominant allele overrides the effect of the recessive allele
C) Both alleles are expressed equally
D) The individual shows a mixture of both traits
B
WEEK 2 Under what condition are recessive genes expressed?
A) When both alleles are dominant
B) When both parents carry the recessive gene
C) When there is one dominant and one recessive allele
D) When the dominant allele is inactive
B
WEEK 2 What is the primary purpose of prenatal diagnosis and genetic counselling?
A) To produce perfect humans
B) To ensure that only dominant genes are passed on
C) To allow early treatment and facilitate informed decision making
D) To eliminate recessive genes from the population
C
WEEK 2 Which statement best describes the role of genetic counseling?
A) It is solely focused on preventing genetic mutations
B) It ensures that all children will be born without genetic disorders
C) It helps families plan and prepare for a child with a health problem
D) It guarantees the birth of a genetically “perfect” child
C
WEEK 2 Which of the following statements about the dominant-recessive gene principle is correct?
A) Recessive genes are expressed more frequently than dominant genes
B) Dominant genes are only expressed if both alleles are dominant
C) A single dominant allele can override the effect of a recessive allele
D) Both dominant and recessive genes are always expressed equally
C
WEEK 2 What is not a goal of genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis?
A) To facilitate planning for a child with a health problem
B) To allow early treatment as appropriate
C) To produce perfect humans
D) To facilitate informed decision making
C
WEEK 2 What is the main focus of behavioral genetics?
A) The study of gene-environment contributions in humans
B) The study of behavioral patterns in animals
C) The study of physical traits passed from parents to offspring
D) The study of environmental impacts on plants
A
WEEK 2 Which methods are commonly used in behavioural genetics to study gene-environment contributions?
A) Clinical trials, surveys, and experiments
B) Kinship studies, twin studies, and adoption studies
C) Observation, interviews, and case studies
D) Genetic engineering, DNA sequencing, and brain scans
B
WEEK 2 What is epigenetics?
A) The study of genetic inheritance
B) The study of changes in phenotype or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence
C) The study of how genes are passed from parents to offspring
D) The study of genetic mutations
B
WEEK 2 How can environmental events affect genes?
A) By changing the DNA sequence
B) By turning genes on or off
C) By completely eliminating genes
D) By increasing the number of genes
B
What is a phenotype?
A) The genetic makeup of an organism
B) The physical appearance or expression of a gene
C) The process by which genes are inherited
D) The environment in which an organism lives
B
What is meant by “genes do not complete their work before birth”?
A) Genes are only active during embryonic development
B) Genes continue to be influenced and expressed throughout an individual’s lifespan
C) Genes are inactive until birth
D) Genes are fully expressed only in adulthood
B
Which type of gene-environment correlation occurs when a child passively receives correlated genes and environment from their parents?
A) Active (niche-picking)
B) Evocative
C) Passive
D) Reactive
C
Which type of gene-environment correlation involves a child eliciting reactions from parents that provide environments correlated with the child’s genes?
A) Active (niche-picking)
B) Evocative
C) Passive
D) Reactive
B
WEEK 2 Which type of gene-environment correlation involves a child’s genes leading them to actively seek out correlated environmental experiences?
A) Active (niche-picking)
B) Evocative
C) Passive
D) Reactive
A
WEEK 2 What is the important question regarding heredity and environment interactions?
A) How much is explained by genes vs environment?
B) How do heredity and environment work together?
C) How many genes are inherited from each parent?
D) How do environmental factors influence DNA sequences?
B
WEEK 2 An example of passive gene-environment correlation is:
A) A child with musical parents receiving both musical genes and a musical environment
B) Parents noticing musical ability in a child and providing musical input
C) A child seeking out a conservatorium for high school
D) A child saving money for music lessons
A
WEEK 2 An example of evocative gene-environment correlation is:
A) A child with musical parents receiving both musical genes and a musical environment
B) Parents noticing musical ability in a child and providing musical input
C) A child seeking out a conservatorium for high school
D) A child saving money for music lessons
B
WEEK 2 Which of the following is a maternal chronic illness that can affect prenatal development?
A) Diabetes
B) Asthma
C) Arthritis
D) Flu
A
WEEK 2 What is a teratogen?
A) A genetic mutation
B) An agent that causes a birth defect
C) A prenatal vitamin
D) A type of ultrasound
B
WEEK 2 At what stage does the fetus establish daily circadian rhythms?
A) 12 weeks
B) 14 weeks
C) 24 weeks
D) 28 weeks
D
WEEK 2 What is the significance of the age of the mother or father at the time of conception?
A) It determines the gender of the baby
B) It influences the risk of genetic mutations
C) It affects the length of the pregnancy
D) It impacts the baby’s weight at birth
B