Psychopathology - OCD Flashcards

1
Q

what is diathesis stress?

A

the idea that genes are not directly causing complex disorders - the environment will affect whether the disorder is developed or not as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are obsessions in OCD?

A

repeated intrusive thoughts that can be calmed by compulsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are compulsions in OCD?

A

repetitive behaviours that calm the anxiety caused by obsessions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the biological explanations of OCD?

A

neural explanations

genetic explanations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the neural explanation for OCD?

A

OCD occurs because of abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and abnormal brain circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how can abnormal levels of neurotransmitters cause OCD?

A

people with OCD have abnormally high levels of dopamine and abnormally low levels of serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the functions of dopamine?

A

waking up, movement, memory, rewards

main function habit forming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which areas of the brain is dopamine mainly released into?

A

emotional, executive and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the functions of serotonin?

A

appetite, mood

main function is impulse control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is dopamine an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which areas of the brain is serotonin mainly released into?

A

emotional, memory and muscle control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is serotonin an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how can abnormal brain circuits help to cause OCD?

A

when damaged, the OFC - thalamus - caudate nucleus cycle can cause OCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the OFC - thalamus - caudate nucleus circuit in a healthy brain?

A

OFC - sends signals to the thalamus about things that are worrying

thalamus - causes impulses to act and to stop acting once OFC stops sending signals

caudate nucleus - suppresses signals from the OFC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the OFC - thalamus - caudate nucleus circuit in a damaged brain?

A

OFC - sends signals to thalamus about worrying things

Thalamus - leads to impulses to act until no more signals from OFC

Caudate Nucleus - doesn’t supress signals from OFC so thalamus acts on minor worries, also sends signals back to the OFC, creating a ‘worry circuit’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the genetic explanation to the causes of OCD?

A

COMT and SERT genes contribute to development of OCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of the COMT gene?

A

produces an enzyme that degrades dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how is the COMT gene linked to OCD?

A

a low activity form of the gene is found in OCD patients

less dopamine broken down so more builds up in the synapses, especially after stress

19
Q

what is the function of the SERT gene?

A

produces a protein that transports serotonin back to the presynaptic neuron in reuptake

20
Q

how is the SERT gene linked to OCD?

A

high activity variant found in OCD patients

removes serotonin too quickly so less received by next neuron, so has less effects

21
Q

how does the COMT gene and high dopamine levels directly cause obsessive thoughts?

A

COMT activity low

dopamine levels high

caudate nucleus overactive

hypervigilance (anxiety)

obsessive thoughts

22
Q

how does the SERT gene and low serotonin levels directly cause compulsive behaviour?

A

SERT activity high

serotonin levels low

OFC underactive

impulsiveness

compulsive behaviour

23
Q

what are some advantages of the biological explanation for OCD?

A

lead to successful treatments - SSRIs and BZs

fMRIs give reliable and objective evidence

24
Q

what are the disadvantages of the biological approach to OCD?

A

reductionist and determinist - needs stress to kick off condition

problems with treatments such as SSRIs + BZs - side effects

CBT also good treatment

correlation vs causation

25
what are the drug therapy treatments for OCD?
SSRIs Tricyclics Benzodiazepines
26
What does SSRI stand for?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
27
What are SSRIs commonly used to treat?
depression and OCD
28
what are some examples of SSRIs?
sertraline fluoxetine
29
how do SSRIs work?
by blocking the reuptake of serotonin from synapses, leading to a buildup of serotonin in the synapse so more are interpreted at the receptor
30
what are tricyclics commonly used for?
OCD
31
what is a common form of a tricyclic?
amitriptyline
32
how do tricyclics work?
blocks reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, increasing their effects also blocks histamine receptors
33
what are the effects of increased noradrenaline?
feeling 'awake' and motivated
34
what are benzodiazepines commonly used for?
a range of anxiety disorders eg panic disorder, OCD
35
what is an examples of a benzodiazepine?
xanax
36
how do benzodiazepines work?
by inhibiting GABA binds to receptors with chlorines channels, causing them to open - usually GABAs job negative chlorine ions flood into the cell, reducing activity of the cell
37
what are the effects of benzodiazepines?
to reduce anxiety and impulsivity
38
what are the side effects of SSRIs?
lethargy reduce cognitive abilities - harder to concentrate or experience physical arousal
39
what are the side effects of tricyclics?
being tired and run-down dry mouth constipation high blood pressure
40
what are the side effects of benzodiazepines?
addictive memory problems nausea lightheadedness drowsiness
41
what are the advantages of using drugs to treat OCD?
quick effects - SSRIs within a few days, BZ within a few minutes - protection from harm from extreme behaviours very cheap compared to CBT good short term solution - get patient into better place to be able to start CBT properly
42
what are the disadvantages of using drugs to treat OCD?
side effects recommended that CBT is used as well as drugs symptoms return after stop taking them, less likely with CBT not a good long term solution
43