Psychopathology - Depression

Question 2

what are the emotional symptoms of depression?

Answer 2

loneliness

anger/anxiety

chronic low mood

Question 3

what are the cognitive symptoms of depression?

Answer 3

negative thoughts

catastrophizing

irrational circular thought patterns

Question 4

what are the behavioural symptoms of depression?

Answer 4

reduced activity

hypersomnia or insomnia

disturbed appetite

self injurous behaviours

Question 5

what is depression?

Answer 5

a mood disorder characterized by low mood and low energy levels

Question 6

what is Ellis’s ABC model for depression?

Answer 6

healthy:

activating event -> rational belief -> flexible consequence

depressed:

activating event -> irrational event -> fixed consequence

Question 7

what causes irrational beliefs?

Answer 7

mustabatory thinking

Question 8

what is mustabatory thinking?

Answer 8

cognitions containing fixed terms eg I must receive positive feedback or I am worthless

Question 9

draw beck’s negative triad

Answer 9

Question 11

what is the core schema is beck’s triad?

Answer 11

how you would describe yourself

Question 12

what is ruminating?

Answer 12

repetitive circular thinking with each thought feeding the next

Question 13

what can a negative core schema lead to?

Answer 13

negative biases, which can affect perception causing irrational perception of events

Question 14

what is catastrophising?

Answer 14

irrationally negative view and/or predictions of situations

Question 15

what are the limitations of the cognitive explanation of depression?

Answer 15

ignores biology - certain genes can cause depression, amygdala/PFC volume is smaller in depressed people

ignores behavioural approach - seligman’s learned helplessness

Question 16

what are some advantages of the cognitive approach to explaining depression?

Answer 16

applications - Beck’s theory formed basis for CBT, modern success rate of 75%

applications - ellis created REBT with a claimed 90% success rate (in reality was lower)

Question 17

why can’t we interact with cognitions?

Answer 17

they are theoretical constructs to explain thought patterns

Question 18

what is behavioural training used for?

Answer 18

to challenge and modify cognitions indirectly

Question 19

what is CBT?

Answer 19

a talking therapy that aims to identify irrational thought patterns and change them

Question 20

how does CBT use both cognitive and behavioural techniques?

Answer 20

cognitive - identifying and challenging irrational thoughts

behavioural - once irrational thoughts identified, coping strategies are developed

Question 21

what was the first CBT?

Answer 21

ellis’ REBT

Question 22

what does REBT stand for?

Answer 22

Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy

Question 23

what was added onto the ABC model when it was extended?

Answer 23

Distrupting irrational cognitions

Effects of disputing

Feelings that result from the process

Question 24

what are the principles of CBT?

Answer 24

homework - setting patients tasks between sessions to challenge the beliefs and provide basis for the next session

behavioural activation - activity is psychologically and physiologically rewarding

unconditional positive regard - makes patients feel valued and trusted

Question 25

what are the advantages of the cognitive approach to treating depression?

Answer 25

after 36 weeks, 81% patients improved

meta-analysis shows that it is reliable

Question 26

what are the disadvantages of the cognitive approach to treating depression?

Answer 26

requires patient to be willing - depression may be so severe that patients cannot motivate themselves to engage

not sure if it is CBT thats helping - could be simple contact or getting along well with the therapist in general

more effective when patients treated with drugs and CBT together

drugs cheaper and quicker

Question 27

what was added onto the ABC model when it was extended?

Answer 27

Distrupting irrational cognitions

Effects of disputing

Feelings that result from the process