Memory - EWT Flashcards

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1
Q

What effect does anxiety have on eyewitness testimony?

A

It increases the accuracy to an extent, but if there is too much then the accuracy decreases rapidly

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2
Q

What was the procedure of Christianson + Hubinette’s 1993 study into anxiety and EWT?

A

58 ppts witnessed a real bank robbery

IV(1) - victim of crime (bank employee)

IV(2) - bystander

DV - how accurate their testimony was to the CCTV footage

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3
Q

What were the findings of Christianson + Hubinette’s study into anxiety and EWT?

A

all the victims were above 75% accuracy

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4
Q

What were the conclusions from Christianson + Hubinette’s study into anxiety and EWT?

A

semantic/episodic memory formation is better when anxious

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5
Q

What were some issues with Christianson + Hubinette’s study into anxiety and EWT?

A

correlation vs causation

victims were questioned more by the police - rehearsal made them remember better

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6
Q

What was the procedure of Johnson and Scott’s 1976 study into anxiety and EWT?

A

ppts told they were trialing a new form of interview

IV(1) - ppts overheard an argument and saw a confederate run through the room holding a greasy pen

IV(2) - ppts overheard an argument and saw a confederate run through the room holding a bloody knife

all ppts questioned by the police

DV - accuracy (%) of criminal identification by ppts

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7
Q

What were the findings of Johnson and Scott’s 1976 experiment into anxiety and EWT?

A

pen - 49% accuracy

knife - 33% accuracy

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8
Q

What was the conclusion from Johnson and Scott’s 1976 experiment into anxiety and EWT?

A

the weapon focus effect - people focus on the danger above anything else

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9
Q

What were some issues with Johnson and Scott’s 1976 experiment into anxiety and EWT?

A

individual stress - could be worried about the interview so already anxious

individual differences (education, IQ) - not matched pairs design

knife easier to see as bigger than pen

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10
Q

What was the aim of Loftus and Palmer’s 1974 study into EWT?

A

can leading questions alter the perception of an event?

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11
Q

What was the procedure of Loftus and Palmer’s 1974 study into EWT?

A

45 ppts shown 7 videos of car crashes and asked to estimate what speed the cars were going at

IV - the verb used to describe the accident (smash, hit)

DV - the speed estimates

all videos had the same speed cars

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12
Q

What were the findings of Loftus and Palmer’s 1974 experiment into EWT?

A

hit - 34.0 mph average

smashed - 40.8 mph average

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13
Q

What was the conclusion from Loftus and Palmer’s 1974 experiment into EWT?

A

memory is altered by expectations from leading questions

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14
Q

What was the procedure for the follow up experiment for Loftus and Palmer?

A

ppts asked if they had seen broken glass - there wasn’t any in the videos

IV(1) - verb smash used

IV(2) - verb hit used

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15
Q

What were the findings of the follow up experiment for the Loftus and Palmer study?

A

smash - 32% said they saw glass

hit - 14% said they saw glass

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16
Q

What were the conclusions of the follow up experiment for Loftus and Palmer?

A

Post event discussion leads to memory reconstruction.

All human memories are reconstructive -> they are interfered with and change each time they’re recalled

17
Q

What were some issues with the Loftus and Palmer experiments into EWT?

A

lacks mundane realism due to fake settings - demand characteristics

real EWT more accurate than in fake situations

low ecological validity

18
Q

What are some advantages of Loftus and Palmer’s experiments into EWT?

A

well supported research - disney case

ppts shown stories about non-disney characters and asked if they saw them at disneyland - ppts reported that they met them

strong test-retest reliability

19
Q

What are the 4 techniques used in cognitive interviews?

A

mental reinstatement

changing order of events

reporting every detail

changing perspective

20
Q

What is mental reinsatement in cognitive interviews?

A

achieving a similar state to when the crime happened

usually revisiting crime scene to get more cues

21
Q

Why is the order of events from a crime changed in a cognitive interview?

A

Makes the events more distinct as they are not interfered with by other memories (interference theory)

Also serial position effect - events are usually remembered from the start or end better

22
Q

Why is every detail reported in cognitive interviews?

A

prevents misleading questions

each detail can be a cue for more memories

23
Q

What are the benefits of cognititve interviews?

A

structured

up to 50% more information retrieved

open ended questions helps prevent leading questions

better for witnesses with individual differences (eg old people, low IQ, learning difficulties etc)

24
Q

What are the drawbacks of cognitive interviews?

A

time consuming

intensive for interviewer

only useful with cooperative interviewees

requires lots of training - expensive

25
Q

What was the case of Stephan Kiszco and why did it show the negatives of traditional interviewing?

A

Kiszco was convicted of murdering a girl

he confessed after 2 days of intensive interviews but didn’t do it

was convinced partly due to individual factors - low IQ, learning difficulties and low confidence

shows that leading questions can alter memory significantly

26
Q
A