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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Statistical infrequency

A

Behaviour is odd if rare

EV - fails to distinguish between good and bad but is data-oriented and objective.

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2
Q

Deviation from social norms

A

violates unwritten rules of society

EV - norms may vary but has social dimension

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3
Q

Failure to function adequately

A

behaviour is odd if it prevents adequate functioning
Observer discomfort, violation of morals, unpredictability, maladaptivity, personal distress, unconventionality and irrationality
EV - may be subjective and provides a practical checklist

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4
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health

A

absence of wellbeing
self - actualisation, positive attitude, autonomy, resisting stress, environmental mastery and accurate perception
EV - over demanding criteria but targets certain areas.

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5
Q

Phobias - characteristics

A

emotional - high anxiety and fear of exposure
cognitive - recognition of irrationality
behavioural - disruption of functioning

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6
Q

Behavioural explanation

A
  1. classical conditioning - association and formation
  2. operant conditioning - consequences and maintenance
    Little Albert - white fluffy animals
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7
Q

Behavioural explanation - evaluation

A
  1. led to treatment
  2. Seligman - biological preparedness
  3. doesn’t take into account mental processes
  4. not all trauma leads to phobias
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8
Q

Behavioural - treatment

A 
Systematic desensitisation 
- based on classical conditioning 
- taught relaxation techniques 
- progressive relearning 
- fear hierarchy 
Flooding 
- no relaxation techniques
- go to top of hierarchy 
- anxiety peaks (cannot be maintained and subsides)
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9
Q

Behavioural treatment - evaluation

A
  1. flooding - cheaper but stressful
  2. less effective with social phobias
  3. 42 patients (half SD, half RT) - SD were less scared (but self - report)
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10
Q

Depression - characteristics

A

emotional - irritability and worthlessness
cognitive - lack of concentration and low self - esteem
behavioural - disturbed sleep and appetite, lethargy

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11
Q

Cognitive explanation

A

Beck’s negative triad - 3 forms of negative thinking (self, world and future). Interacts with negative schemas.
Ellis’ ABC model - activating event, beliefs and consequences

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12
Q

Cognitive explanation - evaluation

A
  1. Behavioural explanations
  2. led to treatment
  3. not all have distorted abilities
  4. Grazioli - in mothers, more likely if irrational thinking
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13
Q

Cognitive treatment

A 
CBT 
- challenges irrational and maladaptive thought processes 
- leads to changes in behaviour 
- journalling and HW
- challenges and identifies irrational thoughts 
REBT
- challenges through argument 
- empirical and logical
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14
Q

Cognitive treatment - evaluation

A
  1. Long term effects
  2. CBT - 81% effective
  3. requires patient involvement
  4. costly - prohibitive
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15
Q

OCD - characteristics

A

emotional - obsessions, recognition of irrationality
cognitive - worry and distress
behavioural - compulsions

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16
Q

Biological explanation - genetic

A

OCD is polygenic
prevalence in population - 2 to 3%
serotonin transporter gene
- mutated
- increases transporter proteins at neuron’s membrane
- leads to increase in reuptake of serotonin into neuron
- lowers amount in synapse

Nestadt et al - MZ twins (68%) and DZ (31%)

17
Q

Biological explanation - neural

A

Prefrontal cortex - involved in decision making and regulation of primal desires. over active in OCD sufferers.
low serotonin and high dopamine.

18
Q

Biological explanation - evaluation

A
  1. Salloway and Duffy - brain scans show increased PFC activity
  2. correlation between low serotonin and OCD is not causation
  3. problem of cause and effect
  4. not specific to OCD - serotonin problem found in depression
19
Q

Biological treatment

A 
SSRIs 
- prevents breakdown of serotonin 
- increases amount in synapse
- level continues to stimulate neuron 
SNRIs
- increases serotonin and noradrenaline
- works like SSRI 
- more extreme
20
Q

Biological treatment - evaluation

A
  1. co - morbidity - one causes the other
  2. cheaper and non - disruptive
  3. trauma
  4. Soomro - found drugs had better reduction of symptoms than a placebo in 17 clinical trials

Psychology (11 decks)

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