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Psychology > Issues and Debates > Flashcards

Issues and Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

Universality

A
  • the quality of being true in or appropriate for all situations
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2
Q

Gender bias

A

inclination towards or prejudice against one gender.

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3
Q

Androcentrism

A

centred on, emphasizing, or dominated by males or masculine interests

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4
Q

Oestrocentrism

A

emphasising the concern for women’s issues

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5
Q

Alpha bias

A

theories that exaggerate the differences between males and females.

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6
Q

Beta bias

A

theories that ignore or minimise sex differences.

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7
Q

Gender bias - FIX

A

state research only applies to one sex

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8
Q

Gender bias - TOPICS

A

evolutionary explanation of aggression and differences between Asch men and women (36.8% vs. 86.4%)

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9
Q

Gender bias - evaluation

A

Could cause discrimination

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10
Q

Cultural bias

A

the phenomenon of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one’s own culture.

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11
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.

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12
Q

Cultural relativism

A
  • the theory that beliefs, customs, and morality exist in relation to the particular culture from which they originate and are not absolute.
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13
Q

Imposed etic

A

when an observer attempts to generalize observations from one culture to another

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14
Q

Cultural bias - FIX

A

get different cultures to work together

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15
Q

Cultural bias - TOPICS

A

Ainsworth strange situation and Munroe found Kohlberg’s theory is universal

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16
Q

Cultural bias - evaluation

A

Mead shows how imposed etic can lead to misunderstanding

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17
Q

Socially sensitive research

A

research involves studies that have the potential to have a negative impact on specific groups of people or society in general.

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18
Q

Peer review

A

the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competences as the producers of the work (peers). It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field.

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19
Q

BPS

A

agency which defines ethics

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20
Q

Socially sensitive research - FIX

A

keep participants anonymous

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21
Q

Socially sensitive research - TOPICS

A

Milgram and psychological explanations of SZ.

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22
Q

Socially sensitive - evaluation

A

Socially sensitive research can make a change.

23
Q

Hereditary

A

determined by genetic factors and therefore able to be passed on from parents to their offspring or descendants.

24
Q

Environment

A

the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.

25
Q

Interactionist approach

A

the view that both nature and nurture work together to shape human behaviour.

26
Q

Empiricist

A

the theory that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience. It emphasizes the role of experience and evidence
Behaviourist approach

27
Q

Nativist

A

relating to or supporting the theory that concepts, mental capacities, and mental structures are innate rather than acquired by learning.
Biological approach

28
Q

Nature/Nurture - COMPROMISE

A

interactionist approach

29
Q

Nature/Nurture - TOPICS

A

treatment of OCD/development of phobias

30
Q

Nature/Nurture - evaluation

A

Nurture is not scientific

Nature always has imperfect concordance.

31
Q

Nomothetic

A

study human behaviour through the development of general principles and universal law
Try to use stratified sampling

32
Q

Idiographic

A

case study, qualitative data and self - report (lots of info about one person/situation)
Focuses more on the individual case as a means of understanding behaviour, rather than aiming to formulate general laws of behaviour

33
Q

Idiographic/Nomothetic - COMPROMISE

A

Start with nomothetic, investigate in depth interesting cases

34
Q

Idiographic/Nomothetic - TOPICS

A

Clive Wearing and Van Ijzendoorn/Kroonenberg

35
Q

Idiographic/Nomothetic - evaluation

A

Meaningful generalisations can’t be made and participants are treated as a series of scores rather than individuals

36
Q

Holism

A

considering all factors of a situation. People and behaviour should be treated as a system. Multiple things studied together.

37
Q

Reductionism

A

breaking down behaviour into constituent parts. Human behaviour is best explained by breaking it down into constituent parts.

38
Q

Levels of explanation

A

moving from reductionist to holist. Physics, chemistry, biology, psychology and sociology

39
Q

Biological reductionism

A

all behaviour, at some level, can be explained through neurochemical, neurophysiological, evolutionary and genetic influences

40
Q

Environmental reductionism

A

The key unit of analysis occurs at the physical level. Does not concern itself with mental processes occur on a psychological level.

41
Q

Holism/Reductionism - COMPROMISE

A

start with reductionism and add factors

42
Q

Holism/Reductionism - TOPICS

A

Asch and explanation of OCD.

43
Q

Holism/Reductionism - evaluation

A

Not scientific and too simplistic

44
Q

Free will

A

notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces

45
Q

Determinism

A

the view that an individual’s behaviour is shaped or controlled by internal or external forces rather than an individual’s will to do something

46
Q

Hard determinism

A

implies that free will is not possible as our behaviour is always caused by external or internal events beyond our control

47
Q

Soft determinism

A

all events, including human behaviour, have causes, but behaviour can also be determined by our conscious choices in the absence of coercion

48
Q

Psychic determinism

A

the belief that behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control

49
Q

Environmental determinism

A

the belief that behaviour is caused by features of the environment (such as systems of reward and punishment) that we cannot control

50
Q

Biological determinism

A

the belief that behaviour is caused by biological (genetic, hormonal, evolutionary) influences that we cannot control

51
Q

Causal explanations

A

means cause and effect. Control for extraneous variables. IV has direct effect on DV

52
Q

Free will/Determinism - COMPROMISE

A

soft determinism

53
Q

Free will/Determinism - TOPICS

A

internal locus of control and biological explanation of OCD

54
Q

Free will/Determinism - evaluation

A

Legal system and impossible to scientifically study free will.

Psychology (11 decks)

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