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Issues and Debates Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Universality

A
  • the quality of being true in or appropriate for all situations
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2
Q

Gender bias

A

inclination towards or prejudice against one gender.

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3
Q

Androcentrism

A

centred on, emphasizing, or dominated by males or masculine interests

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4
Q

Oestrocentrism

A

emphasising the concern for women’s issues

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5
Q

Alpha bias

A

theories that exaggerate the differences between males and females.

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6
Q

Beta bias

A

theories that ignore or minimise sex differences.

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7
Q

Gender bias - FIX

A

state research only applies to one sex

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8
Q

Gender bias - TOPICS

A

evolutionary explanation of aggression and differences between Asch men and women (36.8% vs. 86.4%)

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9
Q

Gender bias - evaluation

A

Could cause discrimination

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10
Q

Cultural bias

A

the phenomenon of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one’s own culture.

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11
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.

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12
Q

Cultural relativism

A
  • the theory that beliefs, customs, and morality exist in relation to the particular culture from which they originate and are not absolute.
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13
Q

Imposed etic

A

when an observer attempts to generalize observations from one culture to another

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14
Q

Cultural bias - FIX

A

get different cultures to work together

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15
Q

Cultural bias - TOPICS

A

Ainsworth strange situation and Munroe found Kohlberg’s theory is universal

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16
Q

Cultural bias - evaluation

A

Mead shows how imposed etic can lead to misunderstanding

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17
Q

Socially sensitive research

A

research involves studies that have the potential to have a negative impact on specific groups of people or society in general.

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18
Q

Peer review

A

the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competences as the producers of the work (peers). It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field.

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19
Q

BPS

A

agency which defines ethics

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20
Q

Socially sensitive research - FIX

A

keep participants anonymous

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21
Q

Socially sensitive research - TOPICS

A

Milgram and psychological explanations of SZ.

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22
Q

Socially sensitive - evaluation

Study These Flashcards
A

Socially sensitive research can make a change.

23
Q

Hereditary

Study These Flashcards
A

determined by genetic factors and therefore able to be passed on from parents to their offspring or descendants.

24
Q

Environment

Study These Flashcards
A

the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.

25
Interactionist approach
the view that both nature and nurture work together to shape human behaviour.
26
Empiricist
the theory that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience. It emphasizes the role of experience and evidence Behaviourist approach
27
Nativist
relating to or supporting the theory that concepts, mental capacities, and mental structures are innate rather than acquired by learning. Biological approach
28
Nature/Nurture - COMPROMISE
interactionist approach
29
Nature/Nurture - TOPICS
treatment of OCD/development of phobias
30
Nature/Nurture - evaluation
Nurture is not scientific | Nature always has imperfect concordance.
31
Nomothetic
study human behaviour through the development of general principles and universal law Try to use stratified sampling
32
Idiographic
case study, qualitative data and self - report (lots of info about one person/situation) Focuses more on the individual case as a means of understanding behaviour, rather than aiming to formulate general laws of behaviour
33
Idiographic/Nomothetic - COMPROMISE
Start with nomothetic, investigate in depth interesting cases
34
Idiographic/Nomothetic - TOPICS
Clive Wearing and Van Ijzendoorn/Kroonenberg
35
Idiographic/Nomothetic - evaluation
Meaningful generalisations can’t be made and participants are treated as a series of scores rather than individuals
36
Holism
considering all factors of a situation. People and behaviour should be treated as a system. Multiple things studied together.
37
Reductionism
breaking down behaviour into constituent parts. Human behaviour is best explained by breaking it down into constituent parts.
38
Levels of explanation
moving from reductionist to holist. Physics, chemistry, biology, psychology and sociology
39
Biological reductionism
all behaviour, at some level, can be explained through neurochemical, neurophysiological, evolutionary and genetic influences
40
Environmental reductionism
The key unit of analysis occurs at the physical level. Does not concern itself with mental processes occur on a psychological level.
41
Holism/Reductionism - COMPROMISE
start with reductionism and add factors
42
Holism/Reductionism - TOPICS
Asch and explanation of OCD.
43
Holism/Reductionism - evaluation
Not scientific and too simplistic
44
Free will
notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces
45
Determinism
the view that an individual’s behaviour is shaped or controlled by internal or external forces rather than an individual’s will to do something
46
Hard determinism
implies that free will is not possible as our behaviour is always caused by external or internal events beyond our control
47
Soft determinism
all events, including human behaviour, have causes, but behaviour can also be determined by our conscious choices in the absence of coercion
48
Psychic determinism
the belief that behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control
49
Environmental determinism
the belief that behaviour is caused by features of the environment (such as systems of reward and punishment) that we cannot control
50
Biological determinism
the belief that behaviour is caused by biological (genetic, hormonal, evolutionary) influences that we cannot control
51
Causal explanations
means cause and effect. Control for extraneous variables. IV has direct effect on DV
52
Free will/Determinism - COMPROMISE
soft determinism
53
Free will/Determinism - TOPICS
internal locus of control and biological explanation of OCD
54
Free will/Determinism - evaluation
Legal system and impossible to scientifically study free will.

Psychology (11 decks)

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