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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Coding

A

STM is acoustic
LTM is semantic
Baddeley - acoustically and semantically similar and dissimilar words (then tested immediately and after20 mins)

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2
Q

Capacity

A

STM is 7 +/- 2 chunks
LTM is potentially infinite
Miller - given string of numbers and letters until they couldn’t recall

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3
Q

Duration

A 
STM is 18-30 seconds 
LTM is up to a lifetime 
Peterson and Peterson
 - 3 second consonant trigram fro 2 secs
- distracted 
- recall trigram 
Bahrick
- photo recognition test and free recall 
- 400 students 
- 48 years later = 70% accurate for photo recognition
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4
Q

Coding, capacity and duration - evaluation

A
  1. Bahrick - high ecological validity (but confounding variable of rehearsal)
  2. Baddeley - artificial stimuli
  3. Peterson and Peterson - lacks external validity
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5
Q

Types of LTM

A
  1. Episodic
    - experiences in time sequence
    - time stamped
    - conscious effort
  2. semantic
    - abstract knowledge about the world
    - not time stamped
    - conscious effort
  3. procedural
    - muscle memory (automatic)
    - not time stamped
    - no conscious effort
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6
Q

Types of LTM - evaluation

A
  1. Tulving - brain scans and found episodic and semantic in prefrontal
  2. Clive Wearing - semantic and procedural not affected (but case study)
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7
Q

Multi - store model

A

Environmental input — sensory memory — STM —LTM
SM to STM - attention
STM to LTM - rehearsal
LTM to STM - retrieval

Shows memory is not unitary

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8
Q

MSM - evaluation

A
  1. Well controlled studies into differences between STM and LTM
  2. oversimplifies LTM
  3. Over reliance on maintenance rehearsal - emotion can reduce need
  4. Case studies - HM and Clive Wearing
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9
Q

Working memory model

A

Central executive - directs processes and very small capacity
Phonological loop - phonological store and articulatory system
Visuo - spatial sketchpad - visual cache and inner scribe
Episodic buffer - temporary store

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10
Q

WMM - evaluation

A
  1. No evidence of CE - how it works and what it does
  2. Dual task study support - but biased but different researcher could solve
  3. KF - verbal impaired but visual unaffected
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11
Q

Explanations for forgetting - interference

A

Proactive - new is disrupted by old
Retroactive - old is disrupted by new
McDonald et al
- learn list of 10 words until 100% accurate
- learned another list (then recall first
- synonyms, antonyms, unrelated, nonsense, numbers and no new list

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12
Q

Interference - evaluation

A
  1. Lab experiment - good and bad

2. IRL studies - rugby (number of games not time since)

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13
Q

Explanations for forgetting - retrieval failure

A 
Encoding specificity principle - cue present at learning and recall 
lacking necessary cues to remember 
State dependent 
- internal state
- antihistamine (drowsy) 
- on and off drug 
- better when concordant

Context dependent

  • environment and location
  • 40% lower in non - matching
  • Godden and Baddeley
  • learns list of words underwater and on land
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14
Q

Retrieval failure - evaluation

A
  1. real life applications - looking for something
  2. context effects - not very strong
  3. recall vs. recognition - cues only affect memory in certain ways
  4. very controlled
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15
Q

EWT - misleading info

A
  1. leading questions - phrasing might bias response
    - Loftus and Palmer
    - 45 ptps watch clips of car accidents
    - 5 groups (hit, bumped, contacted, collided, smashed)
    - verb mattered (contacted - 31.8 mph vs. smashed - 40.5 mph)
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16
Q

EWT - post event discussion

A 
Contaminates and distorts memories 
Normative or informational 
Gabbert et al 
- ptp watched video of crime (diff viewpoints) 
- control group 0% incorrect vs. 71%

EV

  1. low ecological validity
  2. artificial task
  3. practical applications
  4. highly controlled
17
Q

EWT - anxiety

A 
Loftus - weapon focus 
Anxiety creates physiological arousal - prevents attention 
tunnel theory of memory - focus on danger part 
- heard argument or conversation 
- high and low anxiety condition 
- 33% vs. 49% 
EV 
1. highly controlled 
2. lacked ecological validity 
Yuille and Cutshall 
- fight or flight (alertness) 
- IRL armed robbery 
- 13 ptps (4 - 5 months after) 
- asked for account and stress 
- higher stress had better accuracy 
EV 
1. realistic 
2. lack of control
18
Q

EWT - cognitive interview

A

4 main techniques

  1. Detail - recall everything
  2. Recreate - context of mind
  3. Order - reverse order prevents dishonesty
  4. Perspective - POV change prevents schema

Enhanced - training on social interaction and reduces anxiety

EV

  1. time consuming and costly
  2. increases inaccurate recall (61%)
  3. supported by memory research - retrieval failure
  4. Dennett - reviewed 27 studies (CI produced more accurate info)

Psychology (11 decks)

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