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SLS20 > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

triggered by both real and imagined things
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Panic Disorder

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2
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

continuous worry about many things, 6+ months
Hypervigilance: over-attentive to threats
- overactive amygdala; less inhibition from prefrontal cortex

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3
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Recurrent, unpredictable, unprovoked panic with somatic symptoms (shortness of breath, sweating, palpitations)
1 month of debilitating worry
over-interpreting physiological arousal as catastrophic

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4
Q

Phobias

A

intense irrational fear that is specific to an object or situation
leads to avoidance

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5
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

Obsessions:
-disturbing intrusive thought
-fear is often only about a thought vs OCD fear is concrete
Compulsions:
-repetitive actions or ritual in response to obsession
-checking stove, cleaning, symmetry
Consume 1+ hr of da and interfere with relationships
safety/closure signal from frontal lobe does not reach limbic system and basal ganglia

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6
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

symptoms: prolonged sadness, absence of pleasure (anhedonia), hopelessness; worthlessness; excessive self-blame
physical symptoms: abnormal sleep, concentration, appetite; slowed boy movements
often concurrent with GAD, which often begins first
most severe: with psychosis (hallucinations, delusions, paranoia)
Serotonin and Norepinephrine deficiency theory is incomplete

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7
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

manic depression
Mania: euphoria, high energy, less sleep, grandiose projects, impulsive behaviors
sometimes with psychosis: delusions and paranoia

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8
Q

Schizophrenia (what its not, positive & negative symptoms, difference from other illnesses, physiological basis

A

nothing to do with being of two minds/personalities

positive symptoms:
- disorganized thought, speech; loose associations
- Hallucinations, most often auditory
- Delusions- persecution, grandeur, being controlled, paranoia
- grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
Negative symptoms:
- Anhedonia; flat effect; social isolation; less movement, speech, appetite

often lacks insight into psychopathology
1-2 year slow onset, starting with disorganization

too much neural pruning of gray matter in adolescent development
-Enlarged lateral ventricles
-neuronal loss in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
-glutamate theory-bock glutamate receptor in normal people induces positive and negative symptoms
-dopamine theory = too little in prefrontal cortex, negative symptoms
= too much in basal ganglia, positive symptoms

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9
Q

neural pruning

A

the process by which extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions.

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10
Q

PTSD

A

triggered by traumatic experience (vs. anxiety disorder)
re-experiencing
hyper-arousal
avoidance

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11
Q

Personality disorders

A 
Clusters: 
A- odd
paranoid
schizoid
sxhizotypal
B- Dramatic
anti-social
borderline
narcissistic
histrionic
C-Anxious
obsessive compulsive
avoidant
dependent
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12
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

progressive dementia
genes: overactive that produce beta-amyloid
brain plumbing- less clearance of plaque

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13
Q

Pathological 4DP

A 
Distress
Dysfunction
Danger
Deviance 
Pervasive over time and different situations
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14
Q

Biological factors

A

Neurotransmission
Genetics
Brain circuit function

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15
Q

Psychological Factors

A

content of consciousness matters to outcomes

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16
Q

Social/Cultural Factors

A

How distress is expressed
How others respond to expresses symptoms
Culture Bound syndromes

17
Q

DSM-5

A 
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Categorical Approach:
- purely descriptive of observable symptoms 
- symptom cluster ---> disorder
-disorder---> disorder category
18
Q

RDoC

A 
Dimensional Approach (Research Domain Criteria) 
Starts with biological mechanisms underlying domains of psychopathology
19
Q

Why is RDoC better than DSM-5?

A 
DSM describes syndromes and distinct categories, and it guarantees reliability but not validity;
same symptom can :
arise from different causes
respond to different treatment
represent suffering differently
produce different disease courses
20
Q

Missing Heritability Paradox

A

high heritability of disorders, yet relativly few genes found
could be a result of:
many genes, each with tiny effect
genes with large effect but restricted to small subpopulation

21
Q

Why are fraternal twins more similar in psycho pathology than non-twin siblings

A

prenatal or perinatal insults ie malnutrition, drugs, O2 deprivation in utero

22
Q

biological predispositions

A

genes
prenatal or perinatal insults
injuries
sex differences

23
Q

Psychological Predispositions

A

Prolonged stress

maladaptive negative thought patterns

24
Q

Social Predispositions

A

unique environment- peers, random life events
variation in:
expected roles
what is considered deviant
amount/kind of distressis considered clinically significant
what is considered dysfunction
behaviors count as dangerous

25
Q

Why do Mental Disorders Persist?

A

non-random mating
mismatch hypothesis
balancing selection hypothesis
mutation-selection balance hypothesis

26
Q

non-random mating

A

people with mental disorder more likely to mate with others with mental disorder

27
Q

mismatch hypothesis

A

adaptive advantage of phobias in an EEA dont match current dangers

28
Q

balancing selection hpyothesis

A

a gene is advantageous in one context, harmful in another

29
Q

mutation-selection balance hypothesis

A

brain requires many genes to function, having more genes means more likely to have mutations
(non-adaptationist theory)

30
Q

Adaptiveness of Anxiey

A

motivator when inaction would have negative consequences

31
Q

Adaptiveness of Depression

A

slow-down, blame self and think critically to solve goals; become risk averse

32
Q

Adaptiveness of Mild PTSD-like symptoms

A

avoid being re-traumatized

33
Q

Treatments

A

medications
brain stimulation for medication resistant illnesses
psychotherapy

34
Q

Psychotherapy

A

top-down method of rewiring neural circuitry that create thoughts/feelings
yes it works but better with medication
common support, motivation, hope that all types provide could explain equal effectiveness
(increase expectation of improvement is key)

35
Q

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

A

therapist as literary critic/shaman

-find unconscious conflicts, make them conscious, resolve them

36
Q

Cognitive Psychotherapy

A

therapist as professor

  • become aware of trigger->irrational thought->feeling
  • replace withmore adaptive reasoning
  • homework
37
Q

Behavioral Psychotherapy

A

therapist as trainer

  • extinguish maladaptive learned associations between cues and thoughts
  • condition adaptive associations by exposure to new environmental stimuli and rewarding healthy behavior

SLS20 (10 decks)

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