Emotions II

Question 1

crucial distinction about emotions toward people

Answer 1

people have their own emotions

Question 2

benefit others; benefit self

Answer 2

mutualism

Question 3

impost cost on others; benefit self

Answer 3

predation, parasitism, aggresion

Question 4

benefit others; cost on self

Answer 4

altruism

Question 5

impose cost on others; impose cost on self

Answer 5

spite, punishment

Question 6

BBC Fallacy

Answer 6

organisms act for the greater good of the species, community or ecosystem

Question 7

Naive Group selection

Answer 7

explanation for altruism where individuals will behave a certain way for the greater good of the community
problematic because selfish individuals would take over unselfish groups
(genes are the units of selections that replicate, not individuals or groups)

Question 8

Two way selfish genes can make unselfish individuals

Answer 8

nepotism

reciprocation

Question 9

Reciprocal altruism Requirements

Answer 9

confer large benefit to others at small cost to self
roles must be sometimes reverse
recognize other animals as individuals.
remember who helped, who hurt
grant/withhold favors accordingly
LAST THREE are predictions of psychology

Question 10

Prisoner’s dilemma

Answer 10

Best individual payoff: defect while other guy cooperate
lowest individual payoff: cooperate while other guy defects
highest total pay off: both cooperate
lowest total pay off: both defect

Question 11

Tragedy of prisoners dilemma

Answer 11

1) if both defect, they are both worse off than if both cooperate
2) BUT if one cooperates, he will always be worse off than if he had defected, regardless of what the other does
3) THUS, both defect

Question 12

Prisoner’s dilemma solution

Answer 12

iterated prisoner’s dilemma

Question 13

cognitive abilities required for reciprocal altruism

Answer 13

memory for individuals

sensitivity to cheaters (content effect?)

Question 14

Emotions adapted to reciprocal altruis

Answer 14

liking-cooperate on first move (initiate altruistic partnerships)
anger-defect if other guy defects
gratitude- cooperate if other guy cooperated
sympathy-earn gratitude at small cost to self
guilt- cooperation compensating for defection
shame- avoid punishment for defection
forgiveness- avoid letting one defection ruin partnership

Question 15

ultimatum game

Answer 15

first player divides jackpot ($10)
second player accepts or rejects
optimal strategy for proposer (9-1); actual: 5-5 or 6-4
optimal strategy for accepter (accept anything above $0); actual: reject anything less (spite)

Question 16

spite

Answer 16

anger over being treated unfairly; results from activation of the insula
(activated when proposer is human vs. computer)

Question 17

paradoxical tactic of spite

Answer 17

although threats are costly for threatener, anger makes them credible

Question 18

paradoxical tactic of altruism

Answer 18

genuine altruism is costly for donor but being irrationally nice makes generosity credible