Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the definitions of abnormality?

A

Statistical infrequency
Deviation from the social norms
Failure to function adequately
Deviation from ideal mental health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is meant by statistical infrequency?

A

Behaviours are judged to be abnormal if they are statistically uncommon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is statistical infrequency shown?

A

A normal distribution curve- if the behaviour occurs at either end of the curve, it may be considered rare and abnormal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the negatives of statistical infrequency?

A

Rare behaviors are desirable

Some behaviors are not abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a positive of statistical infrequency?

A

Can be appropriate if it is used with failure to function adequately.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is meant by deviation from social norms?

A

Socially based definition where norms for behavior are made by the larger groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a negative of deviation from social norms?

A

Social norms change over time and vary across culture and context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a positive of deviation from social norms?

A

Emphasis on socially acceptable behavior so it helps people to get along well in society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is meant by failure to function adequately?

A

The individual experiences psychological distress or discomfort in doing usual ad everyday activities. The individual is aware that they are suffering but some mental disorders they may not be aware.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is the failure to function adequately measured?

A

WHODAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a limitation of failure to function adequately?

A

Subjective judgment- judge may influence the decision

Behavior may be functional to the individual- Crossdresser may find life easier that way- transvetitism is listed in DSM.

Cultural relativism-Behaviors vary across cultures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a positive of failure to function adequately?

A

WHODAS measure-provides an objective measure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is meant by deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Based on humanistics approach. Looks at characteristics the individual needs for maintaining ideal mental health. Absence of these behaviors indicate a psychological abnormality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the categories of deviation from ideal mental health?

A 
Self attitude 
Personal Growth 
Self actualisation 
Integration 
Autonomy 
Perception of reality 
Environmental mastery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a limitation of this definition?

A

Subjective assessment- Matter of opinion
Ideals are hard to achieve
Cultural relativism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the fundamental belief of the cognitive approach to explaining depression?

A

Thinking shapes our behavior and behaviors are adapted from irrational thoughts. Suggesting that our beliefs are the main influence behind out emotional well being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Ellis’s ABC model?

A

Model showing that negative thoughts lead to Depression:
A-Activating event (failing an exam)
B-Belief about that event (not good enough)
C-Consequence (Negative thoughts/depression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Beck’s cognitive triad?

A

Model showing that negative thoughts lead to Depression, the negative thoughts that the participant will think will be about:

  • Themselves
  • The World
  • The future
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the strengths to the cognitive approach to explaining depression?

A

Bates
Harrell and Ryon
CBT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did Bates find?

A

Depressed participants who were given negative automatic thought statements became more depressed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What did Harrell and Ryon find?

A

Automatic thoughts questionnaire- found that depressed participants scored higher on a negative thinking test that the non-depressed participants

22
Q

What are the limitations to cognitive behavioral therapy?

A

Blames the client
Irrational beliefs may be realistic- Alloy and Abrahmson
Alternative explanations- Biological/Drugs

23
Q

What did Alloy and Abrahmson find?

A

Found that depressed people gave more accurate estimates of the likelihood of a disaster than non-depressed people. Known as the sadder but wiser effect.

24
Q

What do the success of drug treatments suggest about the cognitive approach?

A

Depression is caused from neurotransmitters and the patient having low levels of serotonin rather than negative thoughts

25
Q

What is the biological explanation to developing phobias?

A

Phobias are learnt through classical and operant conditioning.

26
Q

What is meant by Classical conditioning?

A

A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus creating a new stimulus-the response link.

The neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response, evoking a powerful response of fear.

27
Q

What is the fundamental belief of the biological approach in relation to mental disorders?

A

Genes are inherited making us vulnerable to developing disorders, such as OCD.

28
Q

What role does the COMT gene play in the development of OCD?

A

It produces CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE which regulates dopamine (a neuro transmitter)

One form of the COMT gene is more common with OCD sufferers, leading to higher levels of dopamine.

29
Q

What role does the SERT gene play in the development of OCD?

A

It is the transport of serotonin.
Ozaki- found that the mutation of this gene leads to lower levels of serotonin, and in 2 unrelated families he found that 6-7 members had OCD.

30
Q

How is the role of genetics investigated?

A

Family studies of which some members have OCD.

Study of Monozygotic (Mz) twins.

31
Q

What are SSRIs?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to create the amount of serotonin available

32
Q

What are the tricyclics?

A

Blocks the transport mechanisms that reasorb serotonin and no adrenalin leaving more neurotransmitters

33
Q

What are the anti anxiety drugs?

A

Benzodiazepines enhance the actions of the GABA which is a neurotransmitter that has a calming effect on the neurones. Also increases the flow of chloride ions making it harder for the neurones to be stimulated causing the person to be more relaxed

34
Q

What are the strengths of the biological approach?

A

Effectiveness

Drug therapies

35
Q

How does effectiveness support the biological approach?

A

Soomro reviewed 17 studies of the use of SSRIs and found them to be more effective than placebos in reducing the symptoms of OCD

36
Q

How do drug therapies support the biological approach to OCD?

A

Requires little effort from the user and little input in terms of time. Also cheaper as they require little monitoring

37
Q

What are the limitations to the biological approach to OCD?

A

Side effects

38
Q

How are side effects a limitation for the biological approach to treating OCD?

A

Soomro found that SSRIs cause nausea, insomnia and dizziness.
Tricilics have the side effects of hallucinations and irregular heartbeats.
BZ’s include hallucinations

39
Q

What does REBT do?

A

Tries to change irrational thoughts to rational, positive thoughts, so people become more happy, helping to combat depression.

40
Q

What is the REBT process?

A

Begins with the A-B-C model
The patient is then encouraged to dispute these beliefs through logical disputing empirical disputing and pragmatic disputing which leads to the patient thinking more rationally and become self accepting.
Results in D-E-F model resulting in a more positive mindset

41
Q

What does logical disputing question?

A

‘Does thinking this way make sense?’

42
Q

What does empirical disputing question?

A

‘where is the proof?’

43
Q

What does pragmatic disputing question?

A

‘how will this belief help me?’

44
Q

What does D-E-F stand for?

A

Disputing/Effective/Feelings

45
Q

What are the strengths for CBT?

A

Research from Cujipers, Ellis and Babyak

46
Q

What did Cujipers find to support CBT?

A

Found that out of 75 studies, CBT was superior to no treatment

47
Q

What did Ellis find to support CBT?

A

90% success rate for REBT

48
Q

What did Babyak find to support CBT?

A

156 volunteers diagnosed with severe depression were assigned a 4 month course of aerobic exercise or drug treatments, or both. All of the clients showed significant improvement.

49
Q

What are the issues with CBT?

A

Average of 27 sessions- lots to deal with and heavy commitment it is less suitable for people who have high levels of irrational beliefs and high levels of stress which the individual reflects that cannot be solved by therapy.

50
Q

What did Rosenweig find in their Dodo Bird study?

A

Argued that although there were small differences, all methods were equal

Psychology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions