Psychopathology

Question 1

Spells out defining features and symptoms for the range of psychological disorders.

Answer 1

DSM-IV The fourth edition of the Diagnostic

and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Question 2

An affective or mood disorder characterized by at least one episode of feeling profoundly sad and hopeless, losing interest in almost all activities, or both.

Answer 2

major depressive disorder

Question 3

Physical or bodily signs of emotional distress such as loss of appetite or disruption of normal sleep patterns.

Answer 3

somatic symptoms

Question 4

A socially defined expectation about how people should behave in particular social contexts.

Answer 4

social norm

Question 5

A field of study concerned with the origins and course of maladaptive or psychopathological behavior.

Answer 5

developmental psychopathology

Question 6

The view that psychopathology results from the interaction of a person’s predisposition to psychological problems and the experience of stressful events.

Answer 6

diathesis–stress model

Question 7

A pervasive and severe developmental disorder that begins in infancy and is characterized by such problems as an aversion to social contact, deviant communication or mutism, and repetitive, stereotyped behavior.

Answer 7

autism

Question 8

Disorders that affect many aspects of functioning; all involve social and communication problems.

Answer 8

autism spectrum disorders (ASDs); lso called

pervasive developmental disorders; includes autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, and others,

Question 9

The repetition of sounds, such as when an autistic child parrots what someone else says.

Answer 9

echolalia

Question 10

An autistic spectrum disorder in which the child has normal or above-average intelligence, has good verbal skills, and wants to establish social relationships but has seriously deficient mindreading and social skills.

Answer 10

Asperger syndrome

Question 11

Theory of autism that holds that the malfunctioning of behavior simulating mirror neuron systems accounts for the deficits individuals with autism show in imitation, theory of mind skills, empathy, and language.

Answer 11

mirror neuron hypothesis

Question 12

The planning and organizational functions that reside in the prefrontal cortex of the brain.

Answer 12

executive functions

Question 13

Baron-Cohen’s theory that individuals with autism have brains that are more masculine, or skilled at systemizing, than feminine, or skilled at empathizing.

Answer 13

extreme male brain hypothesis

Question 14

Childhood behavioral problem that involves “undercontrolled” behavior such as aggression or acting out difficulties that disturb other people.

Answer 14

externalizing problem

Question 15

A condition observed in infants who, because of either physical causes or emotional deprivation, are characterized by stunted growth, weight loss, and delays in cognitive and socioemotional development.

Answer 15

failure to thrive

Question 16

Childhood behavioral problem that represents an “overcontrolled” pattern of coping with diffi culties and is expressed in anxiety, depression, and other forms of inner distress.

Answer 16

internalizing problem

Question 17

The co-occurrence of two or more psychiatric conditions in the same individual.

Answer 17

comorbidity

Question 18

Well- established psychotherapy approach that involves identifying and changing distorted thinking and maladaptive emotions and behavior associated
with it.

Answer 18

cognitive behavioral therapy

Question 19

Transactional, multifactor model of substance use that envisions a chain of influences starting with a child with a difficult temperament born into troubled family and ending with involvement in a deviant adolescent peer group.

Answer 19

cascade model of substance use

Question 20

A life-threatening eating disorder characterized by failure to maintain a normal weight, a strong fear of weight gain, and a distorted body image; literally, “nervous lack of appetite.”

Answer 20

anorexia nervosa

Question 21

A life-threatening eating disorder characterized by recurrent eating binges followed by purging activities such as vomiting.

Answer 21

bulimia nervosa

Question 22

Way of managing stress that involves dwelling on problems and attempting to analyze them; may help explain higher rates of depression in females than in males.

Answer 22

ruminative coping

Question 23

A progressive loss of cognitive capacities such as memory and judgment that affects some aging individuals and that has a variety of causes.

Answer 23

dementia

Question 24

A pathological condition of the nervous system that results in an irreversible loss of cognitive capacities; the leading cause of dementia in later life.

Answer 24

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 25

A toxic protein that injures neurons and is located in the senile plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

Answer 25

beta-amyloid

Question 26

The extra brain power or cognitive capacity that some people can fall back on as aging and diseases such as Alzheimer’s begin to take a toll on brain functioning.

Answer 26

cognitive reserve

Question 27

A clouding of consciousness characterized by alternating periods of disorientation and coherence.

Answer 27

delirium

Question 28

The deterioration of functioning and cognitive capacities caused by a series of minor strokes that cut off the blood supply to areas of the brain.

Answer 28

vascular dementia; also called multiinfarct

dementia.