Memory Flashcards
The ability to store and later retrieve information about past events.
memory
An approach to cognition that emphasizes the fundamental mental processes involved in attention, perception, memory, and decision making.
information-processing approach
The first memory store in information processing in which stimuli are noticed and are briefly available for further processing.
sensory register
The memory store in which limited amounts of information are temporarily held.
short-term memory; called working memory when its active quality is being emphasized.
Memory store in which information that has been examined and interpreted is stored relatively permanently.
long-term memory
The first step in learning and remembering something, it is the process of getting information into the information processing system, or learning it, and organizing it in a form suitable for storing.
encoding
In information processing, the processing and organizing of information into a form suitable for long-term storage.
consolidation
The process of retrieving information from long-term memory when it is needed.
retrieval
Identifying an object or event as one that has been experienced before, such as when a person must select the correct answer from several options.
recognition memory
Recollecting or actively retrieving objects, events, and experiences when examples or cues are not provided.
recall memory
Recollecting objects, events, or experiences in response to a hint or cue.
cued recall memory
Memory that occurs unintentionally and without consciousness or awareness.
implicit memory
Memory that involves consciously recollecting the past.
explicit memory
A type of explicit memory consisting of general facts.
semantic memory
A type of explicit memory consisting of specific episodes that one has experienced.
episodic memory
Processes that direct and monitor the selection, organization,manipulation, and interpretation of information in the information-processing system, including executive functions.
executive control processes
The use of the information processing system to achieve a goal or arrive at a decision.
problem solving
A strategy for remembering that involves
repeating the items the person is trying to
retain.
rehearsal
Mistake made when an information processor continues to use the same strategy that was successful in the past over and over despite the strategy’s lack of success in the current situation.
preseveration error
The ability to imitate a novel act after a delay.
deferred imitation
In Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory, a person’s inborn tendency to combine and integrate available schemes into more coherent and complex systems or bodies of knowledge; as a memory strategy, a technique that involves grouping or classifying stimuli into meaningful clusters.
organization
A strategy for remembering that involves adding something to or creating meaningful links between the bits of information the person is trying to retain.
elaboration
The initial stage of mastery of memory strategies in which children cannot spontaneously use or benefit from strategies even if they are taught to use them.
mediation deficiency
A phase in the mastery of memory strategies in which children can use strategies they are taught but cannot produce them on their own.
production deficiency
The third phase in mastery of memory strategies in which children fail to benefit from a memory strategy they are able to produce.
utilization deficiency
A person’s knowledge about memory and about monitoring and regulating memory processes.
metamemory
Knowledge of the human mind and of the range of cognitive processes, including thinking about personal thought processes.
metacognition
A person’s existing information about a content area, significant for its influence on how well that individual can learn and remember.
knowledge base
Memory of everyday events that the individual has experienced.
autobiographical memory
A lack of memory for the early years of a person’s life.
childhood amnesia
The view that verbatim and
general or gist-like accounts of an event are
stored separately in memory.
fuzzy-trace theory
Remembering and reporting events the person has witnessed or experienced.
eyewitness memory
Representations that people create over time of the typical sequence of actions related to an event.
general event representation; also
called “scripts.”
Siegler’s approach to studying the development of problem solving that determines what information about a problem children take in and what rules they then formulate to account for this information.
rule assessment approach
Siegler’s view that the development of problem-solving skills is not a matter of moving from one problem solving approach to a better one with age but of knowing and using a variety of strategies at each age, becoming increasingly selective with experience about which strategies to use in particular situations, and adding new strategies to one’s collection.
overlapping waves theory
A level of memory loss between normal loss with age and pathological loss from disease.
mild cognitive impairment
In the Twenty Questions task and similar hypothesis-testing tasks, questions that rule out more than one answer to narrow the field of possible choices rather than asking about only one hypothesis at a time.
constraint-seeking questions
