Memory

Question 1

The ability to store and later retrieve information about past events.

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

An approach to cognition that emphasizes the fundamental mental processes involved in attention, perception, memory, and decision making.

Answer 2

information-processing approach

Question 3

The first memory store in information processing in which stimuli are noticed and are briefly available for further processing.

Answer 3

sensory register

Question 4

The memory store in which limited amounts of information are temporarily held.

Answer 4

short-term memory; called working memory when its active quality is being emphasized.

Question 5

Memory store in which information that has been examined and interpreted is stored relatively permanently.

Answer 5

long-term memory

Question 6

The first step in learning and remembering something, it is the process of getting information into the information processing system, or learning it, and organizing it in a form suitable for storing.

Answer 6

encoding

Question 7

In information processing, the processing and organizing of information into a form suitable for long-term storage.

Answer 7

consolidation

Question 8

The process of retrieving information from long-term memory when it is needed.

Answer 8

retrieval

Question 9

Identifying an object or event as one that has been experienced before, such as when a person must select the correct answer from several options.

Answer 9

recognition memory

Question 10

Recollecting or actively retrieving objects, events, and experiences when examples or cues are not provided.

Answer 10

recall memory

Question 11

Recollecting objects, events, or experiences in response to a hint or cue.

Answer 11

cued recall memory

Question 12

Memory that occurs unintentionally and without consciousness or awareness.

Answer 12

implicit memory

Question 13

Memory that involves consciously recollecting the past.

Answer 13

explicit memory

Question 14

A type of explicit memory consisting of general facts.

Answer 14

semantic memory

Question 15

A type of explicit memory consisting of specific episodes that one has experienced.

Answer 15

episodic memory

Question 16

Processes that direct and monitor the selection, organization,manipulation, and interpretation of information in the information-processing system, including executive functions.

Answer 16

executive control processes

Question 17

The use of the information processing system to achieve a goal or arrive at a decision.

Answer 17

problem solving

Question 18

A strategy for remembering that involves
repeating the items the person is trying to
retain.

Answer 18

rehearsal

Question 19

Mistake made when an information processor continues to use the same strategy that was successful in the past over and over despite the strategy’s lack of success in the current situation.

Answer 19

preseveration error

Question 20

The ability to imitate a novel act after a delay.

Answer 20

deferred imitation

Question 21

In Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory, a person’s inborn tendency to combine and integrate available schemes into more coherent and complex systems or bodies of knowledge; as a memory strategy, a technique that involves grouping or classifying stimuli into meaningful clusters.

Answer 21

organization

Question 22

A strategy for remembering that involves adding something to or creating meaningful links between the bits of information the person is trying to retain.

Answer 22

elaboration

Question 23

The initial stage of mastery of memory strategies in which children cannot spontaneously use or benefit from strategies even if they are taught to use them.

Answer 23

mediation deficiency

Question 24

A phase in the mastery of memory strategies in which children can use strategies they are taught but cannot produce them on their own.

Answer 24

production deficiency

Question 25

The third phase in mastery of memory strategies in which children fail to benefit from a memory strategy they are able to produce.

Answer 25

utilization deficiency

Question 26

A person’s knowledge about memory and about monitoring and regulating memory processes.

Answer 26

metamemory

Question 27

Knowledge of the human mind and of the range of cognitive processes, including thinking about personal thought processes.

Answer 27

metacognition

Question 28

A person’s existing information about a content area, significant for its influence on how well that individual can learn and remember.

Answer 28

knowledge base

Question 29

Memory of everyday events that the individual has experienced.

Answer 29

autobiographical memory

Question 30

A lack of memory for the early years of a person’s life.

Answer 30

childhood amnesia

Question 31

The view that verbatim and
general or gist-like accounts of an event are
stored separately in memory.

Answer 31

fuzzy-trace theory

Question 32

Remembering and reporting events the person has witnessed or experienced.

Answer 32

eyewitness memory

Question 33

Representations that people create over time of the typical sequence of actions related to an event.

Answer 33

general event representation; also

called “scripts.”

Question 34

Siegler’s approach to studying the development of problem solving that determines what information about a problem children take in and what rules they then formulate to account for this information.

Answer 34

rule assessment approach

Question 35

Siegler’s view that the development of problem-solving skills is not a matter of moving from one problem solving approach to a better one with age but of knowing and using a variety of strategies at each age, becoming increasingly selective with experience about which strategies to use in particular situations, and adding new strategies to one’s collection.

Answer 35

overlapping waves theory

Question 36

A level of memory loss between normal loss with age and pathological loss from disease.

Answer 36

mild cognitive impairment

Question 37

In the Twenty Questions task and similar hypothesis-testing tasks, questions that rule out more than one answer to narrow the field of possible choices rather than asking about only one hypothesis at a time.

Answer 37

constraint-seeking questions