Psychopathology Flashcards

Question

Emotional Characteristics of Phobias

Answer 1

Persistent excessive fear, fear of exposure to phobias stimulus

Answer 2

Recog of exag anxiety

Answer 3

2 process model = acquisition & maintenance CC when 2 stim paired together to cause phobia UCS + UCR of fear - NS = NR NR + UCS = UCR fear = CS + CR OC dog phobia maintained consequences & reinforced by avoiding stimulus feel better dec anxiety avoidance response likely again

Answer 4

Watson & Rayner (1920) little Albert CC fear of white rat no unusual beh b4 tried to play w/ - presented w/ steel bar hit = loud bang showed fear = gen to sim objects e.g., rabbit & fir coat 2 part model ignores evolutionary influence suggests humans have tendency to = phobic of harmful things - genetics & evolution add a preparedness to learn phobia - genetic vul Behav treatments e.g., SD suggest = learnt require re learning to undo Not everyone expers trauma b4 phobia not everyone develops after trauma

Answer 5

SD: based in CC taught relax - leads to reciprocal inhibition, fear hierarchy, covert desen E.g., snake phobia put in mild anxiety situ - snake in tank relax - inc interaction phobia = removed Flooding: (implosion) fear taken to extreme until can no longer feel fear due to exhaustion so re associate w/ calm - snake = direct contact no escape anxiety = not sustainable so removes phobia.

Answer 6

Jones (1924) used SD to remove a fear of white fluffy animals in little Peter presented rabbit gave food = positive association SD mainly used for those who can learn relax & have vivid enough imag invivo = better else no guarantee will work Works best on simple phobias Wolpe (1960) used flooding to remove phobia of cars girl in car for 4 hrs shows effectiveness = ethical consids due to psych harm not suitable for those w/ poor health - can cause heart attacks

Answer 7

Society has unwritten social rules & when ppl deviate from social norm could indicate a mental illness - identifies what = normal / acceptable in a culture

Answer 8

Anorexia breaks rules of normal, eating behaviour

Answer 9

Takes into account situational norms e.g., ok to wear bikini at beach not in shopping centre Takes into account developmental norms e.g., ok for child to scream:adult = weird Both could indicate SZ

Answer 10

Changes overtime e.g., homo used to = mental illness & unmarried preg women - institutions in early C20 Cultural relativism norms vary across cultures - not normal for men to wear skirts but in Scot is - diagnosis & mental illness = classified dif in dif countries - someone labelled as abnormal using personal standards - SZ Social control - Szasz (1974) claimed mental illness = concept used for social control = non conformists

Answer 11

Idea that behav that = SIF = abnor Normal distribution curve for all behav & those on extremes = sif = indication of mental illness Normally about 5% of pop outside curve E.g., low IQ = below 70

Answer 12

If = genius deviate doesn’t mean mentally ill deviation can = positive doesn’t need treatment IQ over 130 Where do you draw the line many disorders e.g., depression = variable Not everyone benefits from label may feel m upset and weaken quality of life if labelled as abnormal

Answer 13

When individual can’t cope w/ everyday life - suffering abnor

Answer 14

Addictions can = maladaptive if stop going to work But homelessness = maladaptive but not nec mentally ill

Answer 15

Depression Under some circumstances e.g., bereavement would = abnor not to feel grief

Answer 16

Families of alcoholics suffer

Answer 17

Sz But someone’s behav may = unpred bc unaware of reasons not mental illness

Answer 18

Depression = quite common Some = rare e.g., genius but not prob

Answer 19

Bipolar can cause But Darwin called irrational

Answer 20

Psychopaths e.g., Harold Shipman can func v well in Soc wouldn’t = diagnosed but = mentally ill Culturally relative - func norm in 1 country = not in another can = dif diagnosis Subjective judgement - person doing assessment would = subjective so dif opinions

Answer 21

Looks for signs of wellbeing if have all 6 then fine missing 1 could = mental illness 1. Autonomy 2. Positive self view 3. Resisting stress 4. Self actualisation 5. Accurate perception of reality 6. Environmental mastery - coping w/ change

Answer 22

Can we diagnose mental & physical the same Some culs can’t make choices so never norm = cultural relativism - based on western ideals Self actualisation only applies to individualistic culs not col would find inc abs in non w culs & non MC groups