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Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Introspection

A

Means looking into
Ptps asked to reflect on cognitive processes and describe them
E.g., response to a metronome

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2
Q

Science

A

Attempted to study the mind in controlled conditions and standardise procedures
2 main assumptions: behaviour is 1. Determined 2. Predictable
4 goals: description, explanation, prediction and change
Methods are objective, systematic and replicable

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3
Q

Structuralism

A

Isolating the structure of consciousness
Wundt’s A breaks down behaviours into basic elements

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4
Q

Griffiths 1994

A

Used introspection to study the cognitive processes of fruit machine gamblers

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5
Q

Csikcentmilyi & Hunter 2003

A

Used introspection to study happiness

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6
Q

Positive A03 - Wundt

A

Not all psychs think human behaviour can be studied scientifically- Hunter
Used today to gain access to cognitive processes that = unobservable
Knowledge acquired using SA is more than the passive acceptance of facts
Behaviour causes can be established - empirical replicable methods
Scientific psychologists create artificial situations = artificial behaviour
Scientific knowledge is self corrective

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7
Q

Negative A03 - Wundt

A

Introspection produced data is subjective - varies per person - no gen principles established
Relies on non-observable responses to unable to comment on unconscious factors
Cannot be measured by any degree of accuracy = non observable

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8
Q

Unconscious

A

Controls our behaviour - psychic determinism - inborn and control behaviour
Conscious mind is unaware of what thoughts and emotions occur in the unconscious
Can have an effect on our conscious mind
Repressed ideas in dreams = latent and manifest content - how appears to dreamed
Free association encouraged to say what comes to mind

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9
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

Oral 0-1
Anal 1-3
Phallic identify with same sex parent
Latent 6-11
Genital 12+
Must pass through each - failure = fixation

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10
Q

Tripartite Personality

A

Id - selfish part controlled by unconscious uses primary process to satisfy needs - pleasure principle
Superego - conscience and ego ideal opposes the develops during childhood
Ego - executive uses cognitive ability to control Id and superego = reality principle

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11
Q

Defence Mechanisms

A

Used by the ego to defend from id and superego
Repression = unconscious forgetting
Denial refusing to believe
Displacement - transferring feelings from to source to something else

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12
Q

Positive Evaluation - Freud

A

Emphasises NBance of unconscious factors in determining behaviour
Draws attention to the NBance of early childhood experiences
Provides insight into human behaviour - unconscious motivation
Useful applications in therapy

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13
Q

Negative Evaluation - Freud

A

Largely derived from the study of adults with emotional disorders = unrep
Case studies and techniques used = subjective & open to bias = ideographic
Unscientific and unfalsifiable = deterministic and pessimistic
Over emphasises the role of instinct
Psychotherapy is difficult to evaluate LT

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14
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learn through association

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15
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learn through consequences
Skinner suggested that learning is an active process in which animals and humans operate in environment
3 consequences: positive reinforcement receiving reward when certain behaviour is done, negative reinforcement doing something to avoid something, and punishment unpleasant consequences
Reinforcement increases behaviour punishment decrease

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16
Q

Skinner

A

Rats 1 = hungry 1 = full put in chamber with leaver when pressed releases food into pot
Hungry rat more active and accidentally presses finds food concentrates on that area
Eventually learns full one doesn’t

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17
Q

Pavlov

A

Found dogs salivated before given food - associated things with the food e.g., lab coat / door opening
Used bell to CC
Bell - no response food UCS - salivation UCR Bell NS + food UCS - salivation = UCR Bell CS - salivation CR

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18
Q

Scientific Credibility

A

Behaviourism able to bring some scientific language and methods from natural sciences - measured behaviour in controlled lab settings = increased credibility
Shows NBance of nurture and environment influence
Conducted in lab = replicable objective measurement & empirical research
Considered scientific and valid - strong support = little Albert

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19
Q

Real Life Application - Behaviourism

A

Principles = applied to range of real world behaviours & problems e.g., token economies & phobias

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20
Q

Mechanist view of behaviour

A

Sees humans and animals as passive & machine like - little/ no conscious insight into behaviour
Other approaches suggest we are more active in learning

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21
Q

Reductionist - Beh

A

Oversimplifies behaviour to object stimulus and response
Ignores other explanations & thinking

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22
Q

Lacks generalisability - Behaviourism

A

Research done on animals shouldn’t be generalised to humans

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23
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A

Self Actualisation
Esteem
Love & Belonging
Safety
Physiological
Maslow - all levels must be met for SA

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24
Q

Self Actualisation

A

The desire to grow and develop to achieve full potential

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25
Q

Congruence

A

Healthy sense of well being = established if can maintain reasonable consistency between real & ideal self
The bigger the gap the higher the incongruence

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26
Q

Conditions of Worth

A

When a parent sets limits / boundaries on the love they have for their child
Can cause psychological problems

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27
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

Positive no matter whatc

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28
Q

Acknowledges Free Will - H

A

Idea we have some choice in how we act
Assumes we to choose behaviour = self determined
Doesn’t mean we can’t be influenced by other factors (external)

29
Q

Q Sort Assessment

A

Stephenson (1953) - adopted into CCT by Roger’s - measures congruence - sort personal statements under 2 conditions ideal and actual self

30
Q

Positive Evaluation - Humanism

A

Holistic
Emphasises free will choice and responsibility
Considers subjective conscious experience
Values personal ideas & self fulfilment
Allows more sensitive research

31
Q

Has contributed to the treatment of some disorders - H

A

Depression = bc of a lack of unconditional positive regard & inability too accept oneself
Schizo cannot tackle directly can be used to support relatives
Aggression = not fully functioning in a psychological level - blocks personal growth
Stress - counselling for stressful events - gives insight and control

32
Q

Negative Evaluation - Humanism

A

Less impact on main stream psych - qualitative methods = questioned
Subject matter = individual experiences not possible to formulate general laws - not a comprehensive theory = loose set of abstract ideas
Vagueness of SA & fully functioning person - little empirical evidence = untestable
Not all cultures think individual achievement = fulfilment

33
Q

Information Processing

A

Approach argues internal mental processes should be studied scientifically
Cog A has investigated areas of human brain not looked at by behav
E.g., memory perception & thinking processes = private and have to be studied via inference

34
Q

Inference

A

Cog psychs try work out what thought processes occur
Use objective, controlled and scientific methods results = basis for infers
1st strand of cog research = case studies of ppl w/ brain damage - comp performance w/ control - help understand which areas = used for what

35
Q

Computer Models

A

Mind = comped to computer
Suggests = sims in way info = processed
Central processor (brain), coding and use of ‘stores’
= useful in the development of AI & robots use theoretical models

36
Q

Schema

A

= packs of ideas & info developed w/ experience = mental frame work for interp of incoming info received by cog system
Helps learn how to respond = m detailed if older
Cog processes often affected by person’s beliefs / expectations

37
Q

Scientific & Objective Methods - C

A

Nomothetic approach
Highly controlled and rigorous methods of study
Lab experiments = reliable and objective data
Emergence of cognitive neuro enables cog and bio to come together = cred basis

38
Q

Machine Reductionism

Cog

A

Although = some sims between mind and computer = crit bc ignores emo & motivation on cog system and how this may affect ability to process info

39
Q

Application to everyday life -C

A

Most research = lab = less valid Ptp response = not accurate
Focus on detail of what exactly can be recalled by ptps in controlled environment = not everyday so not gen
Produces good descriptions of processes that occur & informs treatment e.g., CBT

40
Q

Meditational Processes

A

Bridge between trad behav & cog approach
Mental processes help mediate in the learning process to determine if it is worth learning

41
Q

Attention

A

The extent to which we notice a certain behaviour

42
Q

Retention

A

How well it is remembered

43
Q

Motor reproduction

A

The observer ability to perform the behaviour

44
Q

Motivation

A

The will to perform the behaviour
Determined by reward / punishment

45
Q

Identification

A

Ppls esp children = m likely to imitate someone they identify with = role model
If have similar characteristics / are attractive have higher status
Media = NB

46
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement

A

Indirect learning
Individual observes others behaviour then imitate if rewarded - reinforces - observe consequences

47
Q

Bandura et al (1961)

A

Aim: to test idea children could learn aggression via imitation
Method: basic: kids aged 3-5 saw adult = aggressive to BOBO doll
Results: had chance to play with range of toys including BOBO doll - children showed signs of imitation of same sex model - boys = more aggressive

48
Q

NBance of Cognitive Factors in learning

A

Neither CC/OC give adequate account of learning on own - humans & animals store info about others behav to judge appropriate behav

49
Q

Over-reliance on Lab Studies

A

Most of Bandura’s observations = lab = crit for artificial nature may = DCs - may not = actual behav

50
Q

Underestimates Bio Factors

A

B makes v little reference to bio f’s of SL found boys = more aggressive - could = hormones & higher testosterone

51
Q

Real World Application - SL

A

SL learning = used to rate games, films & TV shows have positive role models

52
Q

Genetics

A

Behaviour genetics study whether behav chars e.g., intel, personality mental disorders etc inherited like physical charas
Twin studies = used to show how likely charas = inherited comp MZ & DZ concor
Fam studies also used - Golton “all natural abilities are inherited” = simplistic - late accepted = genes & envir
Alcoholism has bio predis
Selective breeding shows charas have genetic basis e.g., aggression

53
Q

Biochemistry

A

Relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psycho func
Neurochemistry refers to action of chems in brain
Imbalance of neuro chems can lead to mental disorders
E.g., dopamine and schizophrenia

54
Q

Genotype & Phenotype

A

G = genetic make up
P = way = expressed via physical, behav & physical charas
MZs can express differently = environment

55
Q

Evolution & Behaviour

A

Evolution of plants and animals = fact = theory of evolution
= prin that any behav that = beneficial will continue some animals can = bred w/ certain genes
In natural selection desirable charas survive others don’t

56
Q

Scientific Methods - Bio

A

Precise and highly scientific methods used e.g., scanning fMRI & family and twin studies & drug trials
W/ advanced tech = pos to accurately measure bio & neural processes w/o bias = reliable

57
Q

Real Life Application - Bio

A

Higher understanding of bio chem processes in brain - development of psychoactive drugs e.g., Sz - don’t work on all but can help some live more normally

58
Q

Deterministic - Bio

A

States all behav = deter by internal processes we have no control over
= legal implications - offenders seen as responsible- criminal gene would complicate

59
Q

Reductionist - Bio

A

Explains human behav & psychological states at level of gene / neuron

60
Q

Nomothetic - Bio

A

Built on studies of large groups = more reliable

61
Q

Bio & Cog Approaches Combined

A

Main basis is to look for bio basis to thought processes spec how neurons explain it
= study of influence of brain structure on mental processes
Mapping brain areas to specific funcs - Broca’s area - damage = permanent speech impairment

62
Q

Neural Imaging

A

Only in last 25 years advance have allowed observation & description systematically of neuro processes in mental processes = useful to establish basis of some disorders

63
Q

Maguire et al (2000)

A

Aim: investigate func of hippocampus in spatial memory
Ptps: 16 male London TD’s comp to MRI scans of 50 male non TDs
Hippocampus = bigger in TDs & volume = correlated w/ time as TDs

64
Q

Strengths of Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Cog A aways employed highly controlled & rigorous methods - helps infer cog processes at work
Cog neuro allows study of mind to have reliable scientific basis

65
Q

Weaknesses of Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Most support = lab = less valid
Machine reductionism

66
Q

fMRI

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - detects change in blood oxygen flow
Doesn’t use radiation, = low risk & non invasive
M expensive, poor temp resolution,

67
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram - measures electricity in the brain via electrodes on the scalp
Good temp res, NB for epilepsy diagnosis,
Only gen info, doesn’t pinpoint / distinguish between sim areas

68
Q

ERP

A

Event related potentials isolate specific neural responses
Partly addresses EEG problems, good temp res, can identify many different types to specific roles
Pure data is hard = background noise, = lack of subordination in method between studies = hard to confirm findings

69
Q

Post Mortem

A

Analysis of brain after death
Improves medical knowledge & helps generate hypothesis
Causation = issue what you observe as decay may not be the cause

Psychology (11 decks)

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