Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Introspection

A

Means looking into
Ptps asked to reflect on cognitive processes and describe them
E.g., response to a metronome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Science

A

Attempted to study the mind in controlled conditions and standardise procedures
2 main assumptions: behaviour is 1. Determined 2. Predictable
4 goals: description, explanation, prediction and change
Methods are objective, systematic and replicable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structuralism

A

Isolating the structure of consciousness
Wundt’s A breaks down behaviours into basic elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Griffiths 1994

A

Used introspection to study the cognitive processes of fruit machine gamblers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Csikcentmilyi & Hunter 2003

A

Used introspection to study happiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Positive A03 - Wundt

A

Not all psychs think human behaviour can be studied scientifically- Hunter
Used today to gain access to cognitive processes that = unobservable
Knowledge acquired using SA is more than the passive acceptance of facts
Behaviour causes can be established - empirical replicable methods
Scientific psychologists create artificial situations = artificial behaviour
Scientific knowledge is self corrective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Negative A03 - Wundt

A

Introspection produced data is subjective - varies per person - no gen principles established
Relies on non-observable responses to unable to comment on unconscious factors
Cannot be measured by any degree of accuracy = non observable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Unconscious

A

Controls our behaviour - psychic determinism - inborn and control behaviour
Conscious mind is unaware of what thoughts and emotions occur in the unconscious
Can have an effect on our conscious mind
Repressed ideas in dreams = latent and manifest content - how appears to dreamed
Free association encouraged to say what comes to mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

Oral 0-1
Anal 1-3
Phallic identify with same sex parent
Latent 6-11
Genital 12+
Must pass through each - failure = fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tripartite Personality

A

Id - selfish part controlled by unconscious uses primary process to satisfy needs - pleasure principle
Superego - conscience and ego ideal opposes the develops during childhood
Ego - executive uses cognitive ability to control Id and superego = reality principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Defence Mechanisms

A

Used by the ego to defend from id and superego
Repression = unconscious forgetting
Denial refusing to believe
Displacement - transferring feelings from to source to something else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Positive Evaluation - Freud

A

Emphasises NBance of unconscious factors in determining behaviour
Draws attention to the NBance of early childhood experiences
Provides insight into human behaviour - unconscious motivation
Useful applications in therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Negative Evaluation - Freud

A

Largely derived from the study of adults with emotional disorders = unrep
Case studies and techniques used = subjective & open to bias = ideographic
Unscientific and unfalsifiable = deterministic and pessimistic
Over emphasises the role of instinct
Psychotherapy is difficult to evaluate LT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learn through association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learn through consequences
Skinner suggested that learning is an active process in which animals and humans operate in environment
3 consequences: positive reinforcement receiving reward when certain behaviour is done, negative reinforcement doing something to avoid something, and punishment unpleasant consequences
Reinforcement increases behaviour punishment decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Skinner

A

Rats 1 = hungry 1 = full put in chamber with leaver when pressed releases food into pot
Hungry rat more active and accidentally presses finds food concentrates on that area
Eventually learns full one doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pavlov

A

Found dogs salivated before given food - associated things with the food e.g., lab coat / door opening
Used bell to CC
Bell - no response food UCS - salivation UCR Bell NS + food UCS - salivation = UCR Bell CS - salivation CR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Scientific Credibility

A

Behaviourism able to bring some scientific language and methods from natural sciences - measured behaviour in controlled lab settings = increased credibility
Shows NBance of nurture and environment influence
Conducted in lab = replicable objective measurement & empirical research
Considered scientific and valid - strong support = little Albert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Real Life Application - Behaviourism

A

Principles = applied to range of real world behaviours & problems e.g., token economies & phobias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mechanist view of behaviour

A

Sees humans and animals as passive & machine like - little/ no conscious insight into behaviour
Other approaches suggest we are more active in learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reductionist - Beh

A

Oversimplifies behaviour to object stimulus and response
Ignores other explanations & thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lacks generalisability - Behaviourism

A

Research done on animals shouldn’t be generalised to humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A

Self Actualisation
Esteem
Love & Belonging
Safety
Physiological
Maslow - all levels must be met for SA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Self Actualisation

A

The desire to grow and develop to achieve full potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Congruence
Healthy sense of well being = established if can maintain reasonable consistency between real & ideal self The bigger the gap the higher the incongruence
26
Conditions of Worth
When a parent sets limits / boundaries on the love they have for their child Can cause psychological problems
27
Unconditional Positive Regard
Positive no matter whatc
28
Acknowledges Free Will - H
Idea we have some choice in how we act Assumes we to choose behaviour = self determined Doesn’t mean we can’t be influenced by other factors (external)
29
Q Sort Assessment
Stephenson (1953) - adopted into CCT by Roger’s - measures congruence - sort personal statements under 2 conditions ideal and actual self
30
Positive Evaluation - Humanism
Holistic Emphasises free will choice and responsibility Considers subjective conscious experience Values personal ideas & self fulfilment Allows more sensitive research
31
Has contributed to the treatment of some disorders - H
Depression = bc of a lack of unconditional positive regard & inability too accept oneself Schizo cannot tackle directly can be used to support relatives Aggression = not fully functioning in a psychological level - blocks personal growth Stress - counselling for stressful events - gives insight and control
32
Negative Evaluation - Humanism
Less impact on main stream psych - qualitative methods = questioned Subject matter = individual experiences not possible to formulate general laws - not a comprehensive theory = loose set of abstract ideas Vagueness of SA & fully functioning person - little empirical evidence = untestable Not all cultures think individual achievement = fulfilment
33
Information Processing
Approach argues internal mental processes should be studied scientifically Cog A has investigated areas of human brain not looked at by behav E.g., memory perception & thinking processes = private and have to be studied via inference
34
Inference
Cog psychs try work out what thought processes occur Use objective, controlled and scientific methods results = basis for infers 1st strand of cog research = case studies of ppl w/ brain damage - comp performance w/ control - help understand which areas = used for what
35
Computer Models
Mind = comped to computer Suggests = sims in way info = processed Central processor (brain), coding and use of ‘stores’ = useful in the development of AI & robots use theoretical models
36
Schema
= packs of ideas & info developed w/ experience = mental frame work for interp of incoming info received by cog system Helps learn how to respond = m detailed if older Cog processes often affected by person’s beliefs / expectations
37
Scientific & Objective Methods - C
Nomothetic approach Highly controlled and rigorous methods of study Lab experiments = reliable and objective data Emergence of cognitive neuro enables cog and bio to come together = cred basis
38
Machine Reductionism | Cog
Although = some sims between mind and computer = crit bc ignores emo & motivation on cog system and how this may affect ability to process info
39
Application to everyday life -C
Most research = lab = less valid Ptp response = not accurate Focus on detail of what exactly can be recalled by ptps in controlled environment = not everyday so not gen Produces good descriptions of processes that occur & informs treatment e.g., CBT
40
Meditational Processes
Bridge between trad behav & cog approach Mental processes help mediate in the learning process to determine if it is worth learning
41
Attention
The extent to which we notice a certain behaviour
42
Retention
How well it is remembered
43
Motor reproduction
The observer ability to perform the behaviour
44
Motivation
The will to perform the behaviour Determined by reward / punishment
45
Identification
Ppls esp children = m likely to imitate someone they identify with = role model If have similar characteristics / are attractive have higher status Media = NB
46
Vicarious Reinforcement
Indirect learning Individual observes others behaviour then imitate if rewarded - reinforces - observe consequences
47
Bandura et al (1961)
Aim: to test idea children could learn aggression via imitation Method: basic: kids aged 3-5 saw adult = aggressive to BOBO doll Results: had chance to play with range of toys including BOBO doll - children showed signs of imitation of same sex model - boys = more aggressive
48
NBance of Cognitive Factors in learning
Neither CC/OC give adequate account of learning on own - humans & animals store info about others behav to judge appropriate behav
49
Over-reliance on Lab Studies
Most of Bandura’s observations = lab = crit for artificial nature may = DCs - may not = actual behav
50
Underestimates Bio Factors
B makes v little reference to bio f’s of SL found boys = more aggressive - could = hormones & higher testosterone
51
Real World Application - SL
SL learning = used to rate games, films & TV shows have positive role models
52
Genetics
Behaviour genetics study whether behav chars e.g., intel, personality mental disorders etc inherited like physical charas Twin studies = used to show how likely charas = inherited comp MZ & DZ concor Fam studies also used - Golton “all natural abilities are inherited” = simplistic - late accepted = genes & envir Alcoholism has bio predis Selective breeding shows charas have genetic basis e.g., aggression
53
Biochemistry
Relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psycho func Neurochemistry refers to action of chems in brain Imbalance of neuro chems can lead to mental disorders E.g., dopamine and schizophrenia
54
Genotype & Phenotype
G = genetic make up P = way = expressed via physical, behav & physical charas MZs can express differently = environment
55
Evolution & Behaviour
Evolution of plants and animals = fact = theory of evolution = prin that any behav that = beneficial will continue some animals can = bred w/ certain genes In natural selection desirable charas survive others don’t
56
Scientific Methods - Bio
Precise and highly scientific methods used e.g., scanning fMRI & family and twin studies & drug trials W/ advanced tech = pos to accurately measure bio & neural processes w/o bias = reliable
57
Real Life Application - Bio
Higher understanding of bio chem processes in brain - development of psychoactive drugs e.g., Sz - don’t work on all but can help some live more normally
58
Deterministic - Bio
States all behav = deter by internal processes we have no control over = legal implications - offenders seen as responsible- criminal gene would complicate
59
Reductionist - Bio
Explains human behav & psychological states at level of gene / neuron
60
Nomothetic - Bio
Built on studies of large groups = more reliable
61
Bio & Cog Approaches Combined
Main basis is to look for bio basis to thought processes spec how neurons explain it = study of influence of brain structure on mental processes Mapping brain areas to specific funcs - Broca’s area - damage = permanent speech impairment
62
Neural Imaging
Only in last 25 years advance have allowed observation & description systematically of neuro processes in mental processes = useful to establish basis of some disorders
63
Maguire et al (2000)
Aim: investigate func of hippocampus in spatial memory Ptps: 16 male London TD’s comp to MRI scans of 50 male non TDs Hippocampus = bigger in TDs & volume = correlated w/ time as TDs
64
Strengths of Cognitive Neuroscience
Cog A aways employed highly controlled & rigorous methods - helps infer cog processes at work Cog neuro allows study of mind to have reliable scientific basis
65
Weaknesses of Cognitive Neuroscience
Most support = lab = less valid Machine reductionism
66
fMRI
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - detects change in blood oxygen flow Doesn’t use radiation, = low risk & non invasive M expensive, poor temp resolution,
67
EEG
Electroencephalogram - measures electricity in the brain via electrodes on the scalp Good temp res, NB for epilepsy diagnosis, Only gen info, doesn’t pinpoint / distinguish between sim areas
68
ERP
Event related potentials isolate specific neural responses Partly addresses EEG problems, good temp res, can identify many different types to specific roles Pure data is hard = background noise, = lack of subordination in method between studies = hard to confirm findings
69
Post Mortem
Analysis of brain after death Improves medical knowledge & helps generate hypothesis Causation = issue what you observe as decay may not be the cause

Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions