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Issues & Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

Socially sensitive research

A

E.g., race, gender, sexuality, Lombroso, scientific racism

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2
Q

Implications of SSR

A

Use of research - pub pol & justi harmful laws for ppl studied / soc could it lead to discrimination
= why cost & benefit analysis should be done before the study

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3
Q

Ethics of SSR

A

Ptps - impact on orgs - neg coverage decreases profs
Confidentiality = NB else could cause a self fulfilling prophecy
E.g., say something bad about community

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4
Q

Validity of SSR

A

Are conc obj & bias free
If = bias must highlight & reflect on
Sieber & Stanley (1988) 4 groups = affected 1. Mems of soc group 2. Friends & relas 3. Research team 4. Instit

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5
Q

Negative Example of SSR

A

Hadow Report (1926) research linking intl to genetic factors can = Soc sensitive e.g., Cyril Burt used iden twin studies to support report - created 11+ & affected gens - falsified data

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6
Q

Examples of SSR

A

Hammer (1993) carried out genetic studies on gay men - correl patterns in DNA - male homo = affected by genes & have no choice - environ = little dif - evolved bc of advantages in Soc groups
Raine (1996) carried out brain scans of violent crims & found tended to have subtle damage to impul control area = marker - if screened could stop

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7
Q

For SSR

A

M research still on white MC USAs = 90% SSR = helping to bal & make cul aware
Can show institutional probs - Rosenhan’s 1973 study on US psych hospitals - showed dehuman treatment of vul patients & pushed for overhaul of care practices & standards
Can benefit society - EWT can = flawed - needs corrob & children = as reliable

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8
Q

Against SSR

A

Often navi complex ethics - bal findings w/ harm & ptps
Badly conducted research can stigmatise / marginalise groups = neg social consequences
Can = pol controversial - might discourage funding / suppress results

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9
Q

Ideographic

A

Focus on individual & recog of uniqueness
Private subjective & conscious experiences
Qualitative methods
No gen laws because of chance free will & uniqueness
E.g., case studies, self reports, personal docs
Allport argued can = obj if detailed & in depth

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10
Q

Nomothetic

A

Attempts of establishing laws and gens
Obj knowledge thought scientific methods
Quantitative
3 types of groups = classifying people into groups, estab principles & estab dimensions
Group averages are stat analysed to create preds

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11
Q

Ideographic Examples

A

Freud = CS - little hans life events & interp did produce some gens but = I drawn from this
Carl Rogers - humanist Q sort cards self eval statements
Allport found 18,000 sep terms describing personal traits some = common others unique based on experience can’t = effectively studied w/ stan tests

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12
Q

Examples of Nomothetic

A

Bio Approach
Behaviourism
Millers magic 7
P&P
Zimbardo

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13
Q

Interactionist

N Vs I

A

N = m scientific makes gen laws I = time consuming if use N once ques / exper = designed data collection = quick
Million Davi’s (1996) starts N & when have gen laws use I might shed m light e.g., HM
Freud = N theories I methods
Can see dif in N/I not just what psych wants also methods

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14
Q

Ethical Guidelines

A

Consent informed consent needed unless public place / field E
Deception need to justify
Debriefing
W/d
Confidentiality
Ptp protection - other than everyday
As long as can justify can pass eth implications refers to impact e.g., treatment of ptps, wider Soc impact, Influ on ppl & pub pol, treatment & perception of social groups

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15
Q

Bowlby Ethics

A

Suggests children form 1 special attachment usually with mum affects future relas though internal working model
Contrib to development of childcare practices
But encourages idea woman’s place = at home - some feel guilty

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16
Q

Milgram Ethics

A

Ptps = deceived & unable to give informed consent - caused sig distress & = coerced into contin but = debriefed & followed up 1 yr later

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17
Q

Zimbardo ethics

A

Uninformed consent - not aware of how bad it would be
Deception - didn’t think about the arrest b4

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18
Q

Debrief

A

Thank you
Reassure = normal
Tell can w/d
Give contacts
Tell true nature
Deal w/ deception
Remind of confi and how

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19
Q

Hard Determinism

A

No action/ behav = free - has a cause - rather than other

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20
Q

Soft Determinism

A

= direct result of environment- to certain extent = some free will - outside control

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21
Q

Psychic Determinism

A

Freud behavs argue behav = learnt from external factors

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22
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

Deter by outside fs can’t control - link to soft

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23
Q

Biological Determinism

A

Factors inside inheri behav / genes links to hard

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24
Q

Free Will

A

Abil to make choice between behavs - personal responsibility fits well with Soc view of personal responsibility & legal system - implies behav = random & no cause / prediction

25
Q

Examples of Determinism

A

P: Freud - unconscious
E: Pavlov, Bandura & Skinner
B: Lombroso, Buss
FW: humanists & Rogers

26
Q

Determinism Evaluation

A

Scientific, isolates variable = easier to examine, Soc willing to accept findings
Reduc, mech, implies prediction = pos doesn’t account for individual difs, no responsibility

27
Q

Free Will Evaluation

A

Emphasis on individual, fits w/ ideas about personal responsibility suggests behav = free & undetermined
May = cul rela, can’t = tested, FW = situation no clear definition

28
Q

Physiological Reductionism

A

Bio explans e.g., genetic, brain structure, neurochems,

29
Q

Environmental Reductionism

A

Social learning & expers

30
Q

Parisimony

A

Simplest form of reductionism

31
Q

Holism

A

Any approach / study that looks at whole pic / individual - dif levels of explan emergent proposals can’t by reduced to the level below

32
Q

Levels of Reductionism

A

Physiological (bio) explans, behav in terms of neurochems, genes & brain structure
Psych e.g., cog & behav
Soc & cul = highest explains behav in terms of influ of social groups

33
Q

Reductionism Evaluation

A

Allows look at behav can = used to explain certain behav types & disorders = scientific & open to testing
Oversimplifies complex behav doesn’t consider affect factors can break down complex - simple

34
Q

Holism Evaluation

A

Looks at everything that may impact behav considers m than 1 cause, allows detailed all round analysis
Doesn’t allow detail study not scientific doesn’t explain mental illness, over complicates behav may = simple explanation

35
Q

Reductionism Links to Approaches

A

Bio: red = equated w/ physio red offering explans of behav in terms of physio mechs
Beh: uses v red vocab stim, response, used to explain behav - environ red
Cog: uses Mach red info processing uses analogy of machine to explain behav
Psych: red relies in basic strucs attempt to simplify complex structure

36
Q

Holism Links

A

Hum: invests all aspects of individual & ppl interaction
Soc: looks at behav in Soc context group behav e.g., conform may show charas = greater than sum of ind
IDs: mental disorder often explained by bio, psych & environment factors interaction - eclectic approach to therapy - drugs and psycho therapy

37
Q

Nature

A

Behav caused by innate charas & = determined by bio = inheri from ancestors & form genetic make up all pos behavs present from conception
Innate - bio / physio charas v born with
Genetic: genes provide blue print some prevent from birth others w/ age

38
Q

Nurture

A

Deter by environ what = taught & observe - determine all human behav - result of interactions w/ environ = behav - no limit to what can achieve - environ quality = key

39
Q

Nature Examples

A

MZ & DZ twins genetic effects = shown when correl comp w/ in each group added by by relative correlations ps = 50% DNA cousins = 12.5 %
Gottesman twin & adopt studies comp bio parents w/ adopt in twins looked at concor rates comp to separate out genes & environ A increased if bio have norm to Sz fam no sign high concor MZ = 58% DZ = 12%

40
Q

Nurture Examples

A

Little Albert
Zimbardo

41
Q

N Vs N A03:

A

Dif to see how much = n/n expers try to find out are not ethical & = too many EVs to estab causality
Interaction: behav as result of interaction charas may illicit response in other ppl e.g., temperament of infant deter caregiver response - sensitivity hypothesis = nurture Ainsworth - inconsistent = a-r, dismissive = a-a, sensitive = s Maguire et al environ can effect Freud, cog, cog neuroscience

42
Q

Application of N vs N

A

Nurture: if behav is susceptible to environmental influences need to consider how adapt the environment to remote learning and decrease aggression
Nature: drug therapy to treat behav / psych problems e.g., SSRIs

43
Q

Alpha Bias

A

Exag/overesti difs seen as fixed & inev m likely to devalue female/ heighten female value
Horney stated = wrong to think woman = envious of male attributes = jealous of class
Men = envious of child ability

44
Q

Beta Bias

A

Ignores / minimises / underestimates difs
When female ptps aren’t sampled & assume = same
Kohlberg - women = morally inferior

45
Q

Androcentrism

A

Possible A & B bias consequence bc if understanding of norm = drawn from research on all male samples then any deviating behav = abnormal & leads to females = misunderstood & pathologists seen as disorder

46
Q

Gender Evidence

A

Freud believed fem = failed masc & can’t ever = equal position / worth women have lower morals no castration fear
Milgram initial study only men & = gen but = variations

47
Q

Gender A03

A

Institutional sexism men predom senior level of research so follow male concerns - female = ignored
Fem - view of w as not deficient humans & scepticism to bio deter - research focusing on female concerns for women not of women = NB
Use standardised procedures m & w may respond dif w may = treated dif could create fake difs / make some
Dissemination of results pub bias = towards positive results finding difs = m likely to = pub & exag difs

48
Q

Reverse alpha

A

Cornwall et al (2013) girls out perform boys on reading boys at least as good in maths & science - boys = graded less positively but when non cog skills consider goes away

49
Q

Avoiding Beta

A

Hare-Mustin & Marecek (1988) primary gender meaning in psych = dif exag - alpha in research focus on showing difs beta in sims

50
Q

WEIRD

A

Western
Educated
Industrialised
Rich
Democratic

51
Q

Alpha bias

A

Emphasises / accentuates difs maybe to show some culs = better

52
Q

Beta bias

A

Any theory presented to be about all ignores difs

53
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief in superiority of own cul in psych research may = commun though view any behavs that don’t conform = under developed

54
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Ainsworth assumed US model of A = normal imposed own culture = impose etic

55
Q

Universality

A

Psych assumed all = same e.g., Asch & Milgram revealed dif results in dif culs

56
Q

Imposed etic

A

Applying own cul understanding to another cul

57
Q

Imposed emic

A

Look at culs differently

58
Q

Culture Examples

A

Chitling Test (1968) designed to demo dif understanding in cul between races Af-As & WAs in determin how street wise someone is - no other studies demoing only face val no pred val shows IQ tests = biased
Ainsworth = imposed etic
Bias et all (1990)

59
Q

Cultural A03

A

Trad cul distinc = col Vs I but Takano & Osaka (1999) found 14/ 15 studies that comp US & Japan found no evidence of trad distinc - not as big issue as originally thought
Operationalisation of variables - variables under review may not = same exper by all e.g., behav expres of Emos e.g., agress gives dif response e.g., in China invasion of personal space = norm UK = threat
Berry’s concept of etic = reminder that not all = neg even tho = probs some features of SS e.g., imitation & interactional synchrony = uni
One of bens = can challenge individual was of viewing world can promote m sensitivity & increase val if think cross cul

Psychology (11 decks)

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