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Issues & Debates Flashcards

1
Q

Socially sensitive research

A

E.g., race, gender, sexuality, Lombroso, scientific racism

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2
Q

Implications of SSR

A

Use of research - pub pol & justi harmful laws for ppl studied / soc could it lead to discrimination
= why cost & benefit analysis should be done before the study

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3
Q

Ethics of SSR

A

Ptps - impact on orgs - neg coverage decreases profs
Confidentiality = NB else could cause a self fulfilling prophecy
E.g., say something bad about community

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4
Q

Validity of SSR

A

Are conc obj & bias free
If = bias must highlight & reflect on
Sieber & Stanley (1988) 4 groups = affected 1. Mems of soc group 2. Friends & relas 3. Research team 4. Instit

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5
Q

Negative Example of SSR

A

Hadow Report (1926) research linking intl to genetic factors can = Soc sensitive e.g., Cyril Burt used iden twin studies to support report - created 11+ & affected gens - falsified data

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6
Q

Examples of SSR

A

Hammer (1993) carried out genetic studies on gay men - correl patterns in DNA - male homo = affected by genes & have no choice - environ = little dif - evolved bc of advantages in Soc groups
Raine (1996) carried out brain scans of violent crims & found tended to have subtle damage to impul control area = marker - if screened could stop

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7
Q

For SSR

A

M research still on white MC USAs = 90% SSR = helping to bal & make cul aware
Can show institutional probs - Rosenhan’s 1973 study on US psych hospitals - showed dehuman treatment of vul patients & pushed for overhaul of care practices & standards
Can benefit society - EWT can = flawed - needs corrob & children = as reliable

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8
Q

Against SSR

A

Often navi complex ethics - bal findings w/ harm & ptps
Badly conducted research can stigmatise / marginalise groups = neg social consequences
Can = pol controversial - might discourage funding / suppress results

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9
Q

Ideographic

A

Focus on individual & recog of uniqueness
Private subjective & conscious experiences
Qualitative methods
No gen laws because of chance free will & uniqueness
E.g., case studies, self reports, personal docs
Allport argued can = obj if detailed & in depth

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10
Q

Nomothetic

A

Attempts of establishing laws and gens
Obj knowledge thought scientific methods
Quantitative
3 types of groups = classifying people into groups, estab principles & estab dimensions
Group averages are stat analysed to create preds

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11
Q

Ideographic Examples

A

Freud = CS - little hans life events & interp did produce some gens but = I drawn from this
Carl Rogers - humanist Q sort cards self eval statements
Allport found 18,000 sep terms describing personal traits some = common others unique based on experience can’t = effectively studied w/ stan tests

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12
Q

Examples of Nomothetic

A

Bio Approach
Behaviourism
Millers magic 7
P&P
Zimbardo

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13
Q

Interactionist

N Vs I

A

N = m scientific makes gen laws I = time consuming if use N once ques / exper = designed data collection = quick
Million Davi’s (1996) starts N & when have gen laws use I might shed m light e.g., HM
Freud = N theories I methods
Can see dif in N/I not just what psych wants also methods

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14
Q

Ethical Guidelines

A

Consent informed consent needed unless public place / field E
Deception need to justify
Debriefing
W/d
Confidentiality
Ptp protection - other than everyday
As long as can justify can pass eth implications refers to impact e.g., treatment of ptps, wider Soc impact, Influ on ppl & pub pol, treatment & perception of social groups

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15
Q

Bowlby Ethics

A

Suggests children form 1 special attachment usually with mum affects future relas though internal working model
Contrib to development of childcare practices
But encourages idea woman’s place = at home - some feel guilty

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16
Q

Milgram Ethics

A

Ptps = deceived & unable to give informed consent - caused sig distress & = coerced into contin but = debriefed & followed up 1 yr later

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17
Q

Zimbardo ethics

A

Uninformed consent - not aware of how bad it would be
Deception - didn’t think about the arrest b4

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18
Q

Debrief

A

Thank you
Reassure = normal
Tell can w/d
Give contacts
Tell true nature
Deal w/ deception
Remind of confi and how

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19
Q

Hard Determinism

A

No action/ behav = free - has a cause - rather than other

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20
Q

Soft Determinism

A

= direct result of environment- to certain extent = some free will - outside control

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21
Q

Psychic Determinism

A

Freud behavs argue behav = learnt from external factors

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22
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

Deter by outside fs can’t control - link to soft

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23
Q

Biological Determinism

A

Factors inside inheri behav / genes links to hard

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24
Q

Free Will

A

Abil to make choice between behavs - personal responsibility fits well with Soc view of personal responsibility & legal system - implies behav = random & no cause / prediction

25
Examples of Determinism
P: Freud - unconscious E: Pavlov, Bandura & Skinner B: Lombroso, Buss FW: humanists & Rogers
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Determinism Evaluation
Scientific, isolates variable = easier to examine, Soc willing to accept findings Reduc, mech, implies prediction = pos doesn’t account for individual difs, no responsibility
27
Free Will Evaluation
Emphasis on individual, fits w/ ideas about personal responsibility suggests behav = free & undetermined May = cul rela, can’t = tested, FW = situation no clear definition
28
Physiological Reductionism
Bio explans e.g., genetic, brain structure, neurochems,
29
Environmental Reductionism
Social learning & expers
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Parisimony
Simplest form of reductionism
31
Holism
Any approach / study that looks at whole pic / individual - dif levels of explan emergent proposals can’t by reduced to the level below
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Levels of Reductionism
Physiological (bio) explans, behav in terms of neurochems, genes & brain structure Psych e.g., cog & behav Soc & cul = highest explains behav in terms of influ of social groups
33
Reductionism Evaluation
Allows look at behav can = used to explain certain behav types & disorders = scientific & open to testing Oversimplifies complex behav doesn’t consider affect factors can break down complex - simple
34
Holism Evaluation
Looks at everything that may impact behav considers m than 1 cause, allows detailed all round analysis Doesn’t allow detail study not scientific doesn’t explain mental illness, over complicates behav may = simple explanation
35
Reductionism Links to Approaches
Bio: red = equated w/ physio red offering explans of behav in terms of physio mechs Beh: uses v red vocab stim, response, used to explain behav - environ red Cog: uses Mach red info processing uses analogy of machine to explain behav Psych: red relies in basic strucs attempt to simplify complex structure
36
Holism Links
Hum: invests all aspects of individual & ppl interaction Soc: looks at behav in Soc context group behav e.g., conform may show charas = greater than sum of ind IDs: mental disorder often explained by bio, psych & environment factors interaction - eclectic approach to therapy - drugs and psycho therapy
37
Nature
Behav caused by innate charas & = determined by bio = inheri from ancestors & form genetic make up all pos behavs present from conception Innate - bio / physio charas v born with Genetic: genes provide blue print some prevent from birth others w/ age
38
Nurture
Deter by environ what = taught & observe - determine all human behav - result of interactions w/ environ = behav - no limit to what can achieve - environ quality = key
39
Nature Examples
MZ & DZ twins genetic effects = shown when correl comp w/ in each group added by by relative correlations ps = 50% DNA cousins = 12.5 % Gottesman twin & adopt studies comp bio parents w/ adopt in twins looked at concor rates comp to separate out genes & environ A increased if bio have norm to Sz fam no sign high concor MZ = 58% DZ = 12%
40
Nurture Examples
Little Albert Zimbardo
41
N Vs N A03:
Dif to see how much = n/n expers try to find out are not ethical & = too many EVs to estab causality Interaction: behav as result of interaction charas may illicit response in other ppl e.g., temperament of infant deter caregiver response - sensitivity hypothesis = nurture Ainsworth - inconsistent = a-r, dismissive = a-a, sensitive = s Maguire et al environ can effect Freud, cog, cog neuroscience
42
Application of N vs N
Nurture: if behav is susceptible to environmental influences need to consider how adapt the environment to remote learning and decrease aggression Nature: drug therapy to treat behav / psych problems e.g., SSRIs
43
Alpha Bias
Exag/overesti difs seen as fixed & inev m likely to devalue female/ heighten female value Horney stated = wrong to think woman = envious of male attributes = jealous of class Men = envious of child ability
44
Beta Bias
Ignores / minimises / underestimates difs When female ptps aren’t sampled & assume = same Kohlberg - women = morally inferior
45
Androcentrism
Possible A & B bias consequence bc if understanding of norm = drawn from research on all male samples then any deviating behav = abnormal & leads to females = misunderstood & pathologists seen as disorder
46
Gender Evidence
Freud believed fem = failed masc & can’t ever = equal position / worth women have lower morals no castration fear Milgram initial study only men & = gen but = variations
47
Gender A03
Institutional sexism men predom senior level of research so follow male concerns - female = ignored Fem - view of w as not deficient humans & scepticism to bio deter - research focusing on female concerns for women not of women = NB Use standardised procedures m & w may respond dif w may = treated dif could create fake difs / make some Dissemination of results pub bias = towards positive results finding difs = m likely to = pub & exag difs
48
Reverse alpha
Cornwall et al (2013) girls out perform boys on reading boys at least as good in maths & science - boys = graded less positively but when non cog skills consider goes away
49
Avoiding Beta
Hare-Mustin & Marecek (1988) primary gender meaning in psych = dif exag - alpha in research focus on showing difs beta in sims
50
WEIRD
Western Educated Industrialised Rich Democratic
51
Alpha bias
Emphasises / accentuates difs maybe to show some culs = better
52
Beta bias
Any theory presented to be about all ignores difs
53
Ethnocentrism
Belief in superiority of own cul in psych research may = commun though view any behavs that don’t conform = under developed
54
Cultural Relativism
Ainsworth assumed US model of A = normal imposed own culture = impose etic
55
Universality
Psych assumed all = same e.g., Asch & Milgram revealed dif results in dif culs
56
Imposed etic
Applying own cul understanding to another cul
57
Imposed emic
Look at culs differently
58
Culture Examples
Chitling Test (1968) designed to demo dif understanding in cul between races Af-As & WAs in determin how street wise someone is - no other studies demoing only face val no pred val shows IQ tests = biased Ainsworth = imposed etic Bias et all (1990)
59
Cultural A03
Trad cul distinc = col Vs I but Takano & Osaka (1999) found 14/ 15 studies that comp US & Japan found no evidence of trad distinc - not as big issue as originally thought Operationalisation of variables - variables under review may not = same exper by all e.g., behav expres of Emos e.g., agress gives dif response e.g., in China invasion of personal space = norm UK = threat Berry’s concept of etic = reminder that not all = neg even tho = probs some features of SS e.g., imitation & interactional synchrony = uni One of bens = can challenge individual was of viewing world can promote m sensitivity & increase val if think cross cul

Psychology (11 decks)

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