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Forensics Flashcards

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1
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Top Down Approach

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Organised Offender

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Disorganised Offender

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4
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Constructing FBI Profiles

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5
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Evaluation Top Down

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Bottom Up Approach

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7
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Interpersonal Coherence

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8
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Criminal Characteristics

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9
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Geographical Profiling

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10
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Forensic Awareness

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11
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Evaluation Bottom Up

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12
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Rachel Nickell

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13
Q

Atavistic Explanation

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Lombroso (1876) crims = separate species between mod & prim humans - physical shape of head & face determine born criminal

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14
Q

A03 Supporting Lombroso

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examined 383 dead skulls of crime contrib to criminology moved from moralistic to scientific noted facial features - heavy brow large strong jaw large ears extra fingers / toes

skulls could have included ppl w/ learning difs - may skew measurements some have physical effects on facial features

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15
Q

Hooton (1939)

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12 yr study 10 US states w/ console of 3023 comp male prisoners 13873 argued crime behav due to bio inferiority & degeneration list of physical features indicated trim behav - sloping head, protruding, narrow jaw - rectifies no L control

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16
Q

Goring (1913)

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looked at facial features of 3000 crims & non crims & found no evidence for facial features - L didn’t use control

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17
Q

Kaplan (1980)

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states poor appearance linked w/ poor soc interactions (due to how look?) can bring about trim behav, poor self esteem & reluctance to conform

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18
Q

Genetic Explanation

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specific genes for crime = candidate genes
Brunner et al (1993) analysis of Neths crime fam had genetic condition Brunner’s Syndrome = low IQ & MAOA deficiency - metabol of S (aggression) can inherit conditions that make prone to crime

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19
Q

Tiihonen et al (2014)

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found abs in 2 genes assoc w/ violent crime = MAOA gene controls DA & S & CDH13 linked to substance abuse & attention deficit disorder
diathesis stress model genetics may effect but = triggered by environ

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20
Q

Crowe (1972)

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adoptees bio mum w/ crib rec Vs control w/o found of bio mum had rec then 50% of children did by 18 control = 5% regardless of environ = bio predis

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21
Q

Christiansen (1977)

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examined 3500 twin pairs in Denmark indicated degree of inheri concor = low even in MZ environ = role dif M&F twins q’s gender role
Male MZ = 35% DZ 13%
Female MZ = 21% DZ = 8% can help rule out environ

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22
Q

Raine (1993)

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m-a 13 studies MZ = 52% DZ = 21%

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23
Q

Mednick (1984)

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14k adoptees cram recs comp w/ bio & a p’s 13% of a p’s had rec 20% didn’t but bio p’s did 24% = both

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24
Q

Evaluation of Genetic Explanation

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twin & fam studies don’t rule out environ - SL - adopt rectify brought up in dif environ helps see genetic effects - adopted child syndrome - bonding and attachment disorders - lying, stealing, defiance of auth and violence

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25
Q

Brunner et al (1993)

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= grit for using case study unique to small num - lacks gen = dif to apply to other fans

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26
Q

Nature/ Nurture Genetics

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evidence in neural and some genetics = nature nurture should not be ignored & interaction overlooked = implications for CJS if not responsible can’t punish

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27
Q

Gender & Crime

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crim behav m likely to be male Wilson & Daly (1985) = evol bc = risky = attractive - risky behav used to mean m food also looked at US homicide & found nearly all = Male single unemployed - trying to boost soc status & get mate

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28
Q

Brain Structure Abnormalities: Limbic System

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m primitive area assoc w/ emotion
amygdala linked w/ agres Potegal et al (1996) stimed hams A and inc agres
Blair & Mitchel looked at role in psychos and suggests abnor/dsyfunc in structure may = cause - involv in emotion and empathy process

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29
Q

Brain Structure Abnormalities: Pre-Frontal Cortex

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regulates emo behav
brain imaging studies individuals w/ APD have lower activity

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30
Q

Brain Structure Abnormalities: Mirror Neurons

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control empathy reaction = switched on & off in APD only when asked to emp w/ someone could choose

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31
Q

Brain Structure Abnormalities: Frontal Lobe

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inc func soc behav & planing
Brower & Price (2001) linked damage to dysfunc & violent crime
Kandel & Freed (1989) damage & AS behav tendency to = emo unstable fail to consider cons of actions & adapt behav to external cues = result of impaired func
Raine et al (1997) use of PET scans to assess brain activity of ptps (41 m’s) found reduced rates in many brain areas inclu corpus callosum, amygdala & hippocampus

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32
Q

Biochemical Imbalances

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serotonin thought to inhib agres respon to stem dec levels assoc w/ inc impul agres violent suicide
DA limbic system act = pleasure - greater activity = inc pleasure inc addiction = implic of behav linked to addition - substance abuse - crime m likely to be linked to dopaminergic pathway

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33
Q

Mann et al (1990)

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drugs that dec S inc hostility & agres in m’s (not f’s)

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34
Q

Moir & Jessel (1995)

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elite num of humans & animal studies link low levels of S & agres w/ inc crim

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35
Q

Buitelataar (2002)

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Juvi delinqs give DA antag dec levels of agres

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36
Q

Coupis (2008)

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some individuals who engage in certain behav may exper inc DA and so seek exper again

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37
Q

Higley et al (1996)

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testosterone levels = + correl w/ agres not impul zero = - correl w/ impul & extreme behav make and non human primates bio chemistry levels affect behav

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38
Q

Serbo & Raire (1993)

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m-a 29 pieces of research into antisocial ppl all dec S levels

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39
Q

Krakowsk (2003)

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argued whilst S implicated in lack of impul control & violence makes causal link hard proposed depends on individual diff & soc context

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40
Q

Bio chem = reductionist

A

looks at neurotrans / brain regions might contrib but may overlook environ etc but allows m straight forward thinking = easier to detangle all pos explans & interactions & invest sci - overlooking factors = essen for good scientific practice

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41
Q

Neurochem = Over simplistic

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links ab Neurotrans levels & offending behav = violent & agres but not all crime is - lacks complex for burglary / fraud

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42
Q

Correlational Problems

A

no clear cause & effect e.g., dec S could E/C
brain structure abs - Raine et al (1977) cause / environ result m likely to = crim highlights complex of bio & behav rela

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43
Q

Free Will

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= deterministic internal factors can’t hold ppl accountable

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44
Q

Validity of Biochem

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neurotrans studies on animals inc agres in mice w/ inc neurotrans levels doesn’t mean auto extrapolate to humans

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45
Q

Real Life Application Bio chem

A

explan = relevant to everyday behav may lead to often behav in some circumstances may underpin MIs & this inc crim behav than just bio chems

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46
Q

Extraversion / Introversion

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Es: need excitement enjoy parties & company = optimistic & impulsive can easily lose temper = agres & unreliable = underaroused seek sstim less likely to consider cons enjoy crime thrill

Is: reserved dislike change & noise = reliable higher morals enjoy own company think b4 act

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47
Q

Neuroticism / Stable

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48
Q

Psychoticism

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49
Q

Eysenck & Gudjonsson (1979)

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50
Q

Eysenck (1977)

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51
Q

Bartol (1978)

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52
Q

Blackwell (1993)

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53
Q

McCrae & Costa (1999)

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54
Q

McGurk (1981)

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55
Q

Howitt (2009)

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56
Q

Preconventional

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57
Q

Conventional

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58
Q

Postconventional

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59
Q

Kohlberg Heinz Dilemma

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60
Q

Thorton & Reid

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61
Q

Hollin

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62
Q

Cognitive Distortions

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63
Q

Hostile Attribution Bias

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64
Q

Spielberg (1988)

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65
Q

Gudjonsson (1984)

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66
Q

Crick & Dodge (1994)

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67
Q

Minimalisation

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68
Q

Alvaro & Gibbs (1996)

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69
Q

Holteworth, Monroe & Hutchinson (1993)

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70
Q

Mauran & Mann (2006)

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71
Q

Kohlberg

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Androcentric

72
Q

Gilligan (1972)

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male moral views m likely to be law & pragmatic based women less prag & m compassionate

73
Q

Rosen (1980)

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74
Q

HAB Evaluation

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75
Q

Minimalisation Evaluation

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76
Q

Differential Association Theory

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77
Q

Alarid et al (2000)

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78
Q

Richard Ramirez

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79
Q

Individual Differences

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80
Q

Difficulty Testing

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81
Q

DAT Evaluation

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82
Q

Psychodynamic Explanation

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83
Q

Defence Mechanisms

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84
Q

Displacement

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85
Q

Sublimation

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86
Q

Rationalisation

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87
Q

Repression

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88
Q

Denial

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89
Q

Projection

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90
Q

Bowlby

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91
Q

Megargee (1966)

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92
Q

Bowlby Evaluation

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93
Q

Defence Mechs Evaluation

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94
Q

lacks Falsifiability

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95
Q

Gender Bias

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96
Q

Contradictory Evidence

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97
Q

Deterrence

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98
Q

Incapacitation

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99
Q

Rehabilitation

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100
Q

Retribution

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101
Q

Psychological Effects: Stress & Depression

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102
Q

Daniel (2006)

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103
Q

Dooley (1990)

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104
Q

Psychological Effects: Institutionalisation

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105
Q

Psychological Effects: Prisonisation

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106
Q

Bartol (1995)

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107
Q

Universities for Crime

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108
Q

Benefits Available

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109
Q

Individual Differences

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110
Q

Recidivism

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111
Q

Token Economies

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112
Q

D’Alessio (2012)

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113
Q

Cohen & Filipczak (1971)

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114
Q

Hobbs & Holt (1976)

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TEs

115
Q

Bassett & Blanehard (1974)

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116
Q

Blackburn (1993)

Token Economies

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117
Q

Moya & Achtenburg

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118
Q

Anger Management A01

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119
Q

3 Stages

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120
Q

Keen (2000)

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121
Q

Eclectic Approach Positives

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122
Q

Tackles Cause

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123
Q

Eclectic Approach Negatives

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little evidence to suggest AM reduces Recidivism = expen & requires highly trained professionals
anger may not be the cause - non-v crime

124
Q

Loza & Fanous (1999)

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devised psychometric test & showed little dif between v & non-v offenders AM may give excuse / justi

125
Q

Blackburn (1993)

Anger Management

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126
Q

Restoritive Justice A01

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127
Q

Sherman & Strangs (2007)

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128
Q

Latimer (2012)

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129
Q

Diversity of Programmes

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130
Q

Feminist Criticism

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131
Q

Relies on Remorse

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132
Q

Miers et al (2001)

A

Psychology (11 decks)

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