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as levels > psychology - research methods > Flashcards

psychology - research methods Flashcards

1
Q

what are demand characteristics ?

A

demand characteristics - a cue from the researcher or situation that may give away the purpose of the investigation leading to the participant changing their behaviour.

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of extraneous variables and examples?

A

participant - individual differences between participants that may affect the Dv e.g mood, personality type, IQ , amount of sleep, health

situational - features of the experiment situation that may affect the dv e.g time, temperature, weather, noise, lighting, conditions

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3
Q

how do we combat demand characteristics and investigator effects?

A

demand - ‘single blind technique’ - participants are unaware of the aims of the study (deception)

investigator - ‘double blind technique’ - both the researcher and participant dont know the aim of the study , a research assistant carries out the study instead

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4
Q

What is the difference between extraneous variables and confounding variables?

A

extraneous (before the study)- any variables that may affect the dv if not controlled e.g age, lighting, weather, time of day, noise.

confounding(after the study)- relatedto what we are investigating any variable that may have affected the dv so we cant be sure if the change in dv is due to the iv e.g personality type may be increasing chattiness not the energy drink

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5
Q

what is operationalisation?

A

to make something measurable so that we can establish cause and effect
otherwise unclear how something can be measured

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6
Q

What are the three types of experimental design and explain?

A

independent groups design - ptps are in different groups where each group represents one experimental condition.

repeated measures design - all ptps take part in all conditions of the experiment. (take part in one condition and then another one later)

matched pairs design - pairs are assigned on some variable that might affect the dv. then one member of the pair is assigned to condition A and the other condition B

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7
Q

What are order effects and how do we control for this?

A

this is when the order of conditions effects the performance of participants e.g practice effect, fatigue effect, boredom effect.

To combat this the researcher can counter balance the order of conditions. split the sample into two groups and then alternate the order in which they perform in these conditions. this cancels out the order effects

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8
Q

when do we use a directional and non directional hypothesis

A

directional is used when the findings of previous research suggest a particular outcome

non directional is used when no previous research has been conducted in the area

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9
Q

what is the difference between internal and external validity.

A

external : can it be generalised to other settings (ecological) and over time (temporal)

internal : the extent to which the researcher measured what they intended to, did something else influence the dv?

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10
Q

what is a lab experiment

A

lab experiment : takes place in a highly controlled environment, standardized, manipulation of iv to see effect on dv

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11
Q

explain these sampling types: random, systematic, volunteer, opporutinity, stratified

A

random : everyone has an equal chance of being selected e.g names out a hat

systematic sampling : every nth person in the sampling frame is selected

stratified: selected in proportion to their frequency in the population e.g if 20% of the population is under 18, 20% of the sample must be under 18. after people are randomly selected

opportunity: selecting people who are most easily available at the time of study

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12
Q

what are the 5 ethical issues ? HINT : DRIPP

A

deception
right to withdraw
informed consent
protection of participants
privacy and confidentiality

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13
Q

what are the three types of consent

A

presumptive consent : get consent from a similar group of people and assume the same answers

prior general consent : consent to a number of studies and one will involve deception so they are consenting being deceived

retrospective consent: ask for consent after they have taken part and they can retract their data

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14
Q

what is the success criteria for a consent form

A

begin like a letter : dear participant
aim of the study present tense
details of what they can expect to happen(both conditions)
refer to ethical issues
have space for signature and date
dont assume that they consent

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15
Q

debriefing letter success criteria

A

begin like a letter : dear participant
reveal other conditions
right to withdraw data
offer support
thank participants and sign off

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16
Q

psossible errors in an interview

A

jargon : specialist terms only some will know

double barreled questions: two qs in one

double negatives makes it hard to decipher

emotive language : attitude is clear from the phrasing of the question

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17
Q

what are the 5 types of observations

A

naturalistic: researcher doesnt interfere and lets the stiuation happen naturally

controlled : situation is controlled by the researcher

covert and overt: ptps are unaware or aware theyre being observed

participant observation: researcher becomes part of the group and partakes in activities

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18
Q

what is a correlation and explain correlational hypothesis

A

correlations look for a relationship between co variables not cause and effect

correlational hypothesis only state a prediction of relationship between 2 co - variables

e.g there is a postive relationship between the amount of chocolate purchased anually and obesity levels

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19
Q

what does each graph type show

A

bar chart - shows difference in data

scatter- assciation between co - variables (correlation)

histogram - shows how grouped data is spread

line graph - shows variable changing

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20
Q

hwo to identify the 4 types of graphs

A

histogram bars always touch

bar graph bars dont touch

line graph - line joins each data point together

scatter graph scattered point with a line of best fit sometimes

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21
Q

what are the aims of peer review

A

to allocate research funding

to validate the quality and relevance of research

to suggest amendments and improvements

22
Q

what are case studies?

A

a case study is and in depth investigation of a unique situation or individual

they are longitudinal so the researcher can see how behaviour changes over time

produce qualitative data

23
Q

weakness of case studies

A

They are unique so findings cant be generalised

they are subjective and conclusions are based on the researchers opinion

24
Q

strengths of case studies

A

researchers are more open minded because they dont have an aim

best way to study unusual forms of behaviour

changes can be seen over a long period of time

25
Q

explain the procedure of content analysis

A
  1. read the qualitative data
  2. identify the coding units
  3. read the qualitative data again and tally every time you see reference to the coding units
26
Q

explain the procedure of thematic analysis

A
  1. read through the qualitative data
  2. identify the common themes as they appear and create categories
  3. check validity of the themes by reading the qual data again and make sure it represent the overall coverage
  4. write the findings into the report and use direct quotes to represent the theme
27
Q

strengths of content and thematic analysis

A

limited ethical issues with obtaining permission

quantitative data is easier to analyse and make comparisons

qualitative data is rich and in depth

28
Q

weakness of content and thematic analysis

A

no causation as there’s no manipulation of iv and dv, result are subjective

people are studied indirectly so communications are produced outside of context, researcher may attribute opinions to the ptp that weren’t initially intended

29
Q

difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

A

descriptive statistics summarise the characteristics of a data set

inferential statistics allow you to determine whether a correlation or difference exists or is due to chance

30
Q

3 criterion for a sign test

A

data must be nominal : in categories

research must be finding a difference

design must be related aka matched pairs or repeated measures

31
Q

define test retest

A

administering the same test to the same people on different occasions

if the questionnaire is reliable the results should be similar each time they are administered

32
Q

why must there be time between test and retest

A

to ensure participants cant recall the answers to their questions but not so long that their thoughts and attitudes have changed

the two scores are then correlated to see if theyre similar. a score above .80 means reliability is assumed

33
Q

provide the acronym for sign test

A

carrots should come mashed with swede under roast potato

34
Q

what is nominal data

A

data is in categories

e.g how many boys and girls in the year group

35
Q

what is ordinal data

A

data is ordered in some way
e.g class is asked to rate how much they like ice age on a scale of 1-10

36
Q

what is interval data

A

based on numerical scales that include units of equal intervals

e.g anything you can take measurements with like how a stopwatch measures time

37
Q

say the grid for sign test

A

chi squared
sign test
chi squared
mann whitney
wilcoxon
spearmans rho
unrelated t test
related t test
pearsons rho

38
Q

what is the criteria for a sign test

A

date must be nominal = in categories

must be looking for a difference

research design must be related: repeated measures of matched pairs

39
Q

what does it mean for a test to have high concurrent validity?

A

where there is a close agreement between the data produced by the new test compared to the established test, this is established if the correlation between the 2 sets of data produced is above 0.8

40
Q

what is the benefit of repeated measures?

A

participant variables are controlled = high validity

less ptps needed= less time recruiting them

41
Q

cons of repeated measures

A

leads to order effects such as practice, boredom or fatigue affect, this affects performance in the second task

demad characteristics - will work out the aim of the study if they take part in all conditions

42
Q

pros of matched pairs design?

A

ptps only take part in one condition so order effects and demand characteristics are less of a problem

43
Q

cons of the matched pairs design?

A

participants can never be matched exactly even w mz twins there are differences that may affect the dv

matching can be time consuming and expensive especially if theres a pre test

44
Q

pros of independent groups design?

A

order effects are not a problem like they are in repeated measures as they take part in one condition

participants are less likely to guess the aim

45
Q

cons of independent groups design?

A

less economical and each participant only produces a single result, need 2x as many ptps to gain the info provided by repeated measures. more time and money spent on recruiting ptps

46
Q

what is a quasi experiment?

A

uses a naturally ocurring difference e.g male and female or age categories

47
Q

what is a field experiment?

A

an experiment that takes place in a natural setting (the real world) manipulation of iv to see effect on dv

48
Q

what is a natural experiment?

A

an experiment where the iv isnt brough about by the researcher but naturally (wouldve happened if the researcher wasnt there)

49
Q

what is a confounding variable?

A

a kind of extraneous variable that when present we cant tell if the change in dv is due to the Iv or confounding variables

50
Q

what is investigator effects?

A

any effect of the investigators behaviour on the out come of the research

investigator effects - when the investigator influences how participants behave in a study because they desire a particular outcome

51
Q

what is an extraneous variable?

A

any variable other than the IV that may affect the dependent variable if its not controlled

as levels (12 decks)

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