psychology psychopathology Flashcards

Question

emotional symptoms of depression

Answer 1

belief of being worthless hopeless and inadequete low self esteem anger/lowered mood

Answer 2

beck believes people are vulnerable to depression dt: faulty information processing :only focusing on the bad side of things negative self schemas: interpret everything about themselves badly negative triad: negative views about the world negative views about the future negative views about oneself

Answer 3

cbt identifies the irrational belief and then challenges it rebt is a form of cbt abc + de for dispute and effect aim: break the link between negative life event and depression logical argument - dispute using facts empirical argument - dispute if theres evidence to back up their beliefs

Answer 4

A- activating event e.g poor grade B - beliefs e.g i will never succeed c- consequences e.g feeling worthless and depressed musturbation - belief we must always succeed utopianism - belief life should always be fair

Answer 5

evidence to support.grazioli and terry assessed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after birth. They found that those women judged to have been high in cognitive vulnerability were more likely to suffer post-natal depression. however not representative one group of women. doesnt explain all depression. some patients have cotard syndrome and hallucinations. becks theory is incomplete as it cant explain these symptoms like a biological explantation can.

Answer 6

partial explanation. it states depression is caused by an activating agent but that only explains reactive symptoms of depression in response to an event when its not always clear what lead to someones depression at a given time beck and ellis contributed to treatments for depression. cbt is identifying and challenging irrational thoughts. rebt utilises abc adding dispute and effect to breakdown evens and thoughts. march found that Cbt was effective at treating symptoms and risk of relapse at 81%

Answer 7

cognitive therapy uses thought catching and challenging it. reality testing : clients have to gather evidence e.g when they enjoyed an event or recieved praise and compare evidence with thought to t=see if they match. This is used to prove clients wrong. rebt behavioural activation : activities to improve mood

Answer 8

Cbt takes time and is expensive. average of 12 sessions and £60 per session and they may have to miss work to attend so ssris at £9 may be better. However cbt is cheaper in the long term as its done in 12 sessions but drugs are forever. cbt may not be effective for sever and disabled cases. It requires complex rational thinking and with a lack of motivation this may be hard to engage with making them feel more hopeless. cbt has economic impacts. depression is costly to the economy through absenteeism , low productivity and unemployment. In the long term Cbt decreases risk of relapse and helps people go back to work.

Answer 9

doesnt distinguish between desiraable and undesirable behaviours. it suggests behaviour shown less often is abnormal but some abnormal behaviours are desirable like having an IQ over 150 though very few people do we would say its undesirable and some normal behaviours are undesirable like depression. Real life application SI is used to assess the severity of symptoms e.g iq below 70 means intellectual disability.beck depression inventory a score of 30+ means sever depression

Answer 10

incomplete definition. in uk hearing voices and hallucinating is unacceptable whereas it may be normal as in african cultures they believe they're communicating with ancestors.its not universal useful in clinical practice.recklessness, aggression, violating the rights of others. These signs of the disorder are all deviation from social norms. acts as a criteria for mental illeness

Answer 11

this is unrealistic. no one can master their environment everyday and not be insecure some days not a universal definition because collectivstic cultures dont really value self actualization and autonomy thats mainly westeren cultures

Answer 12

this may be deviation from social norms. if a person doesnt live a normal life e.g hold down a job they may be abnormal however are they failing to function or deviating from social norms e.g not having a job or permanent life could be an alt lifestyle like new age travellers. represents a threshold for professional help. most people carry on with life despite 25% of people having mental health problems this criterion allows people who cant function to get professional help as they need it the most.

Answer 13

OCD is associated with impaired decision making and illogical thinking which could be due to abnormal functioning of the lateral frontal lobes of the brain There is also evidence that the left Para hippocampal gyrus, associated with processing unpleasant emotions, functions abnormally in OCD patients

Answer 14

people with ocd have a damaged caudate nucleus which suppresses worry signals from the orbitalfrontal cortex. when the caudate nucleus is damaged it fails to supress minor worry signals from the OFC and the thalamus is alerted which sends signals back to the OFC acting as a worry circuit PET scans show when a person with a germ obsession holds a dirty cloth, there is heighted activity in the OFC.

Answer 15

Tricyclics block the transporter mechanism that re absorbs both serotonin and noradrenaline, prolonging their activity in the synapse SNRI's increase the levels of serotonin and noradrenaline and are tolerates by those for whom ssris are not effective for

Answer 16

positive attitude towards the self self actualization autonomy mastery of the environment accurate perception of reality resistance to stress