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Wolsey Hall > Psychology Module 3 > Flashcards

Psychology Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main symptoms of depression?

A
  • Lowering of mood
  • Tiredness unrelieved by rest
  • Lack of motivation
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2
Q

What are the requirements for a mild, moderate or severe diagnosis?

A
  • Mild: 4 symptoms
  • Moderate: 5-6 symptoms
  • Severe: 7+ symptoms and general feelings of worthlessness
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3
Q

What are effects of depression on an individual?

A

Negative impact on life - increased risk of suicide

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4
Q

What are effects of depression on society?

A
  • Time missed from work, company must cover workload
  • Cost of treatment. Antidepressants expensive, not enough therapists.
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5
Q

What is the Diathesis-stress model?

A

Some people are genetically predisposed to develop depression, but only develop it if exposed to a stress that activates the gene

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6
Q

How many gene variations did Craig Hyde et al. (2016) link to depression?

A

Seventeen

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7
Q

What are the strengths of the genetic explanation of depression?

A
  • Lessens stigma: cannot blame people for being depressed
  • Evidence: Caspi et al. (2003), short 5-HTT gene
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8
Q

What are the weaknesses of the genetic explanation of depression?

A
  • Deterministic: assumes people have no control over becoming depressed
  • Reductionist: doesn’t take life events into account
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9
Q

What is Beck’s cognitive triad?

A

A negative self-schema that may lead to magnification:
Negative view of world –>
Negative view of self –>
Negative view of future –> (repeat)

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10
Q

What is Ellis’ ABC model?

A

Three stages that lead to a negative bias:
1. Activating event (stress)
2. Beliefs (rational or irrational)
3. Consequences (Rational belief –> no depression. Irrational belief –> depression.)

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11
Q

What are the strengths of the cognitive explanation of depression?

A
  • Acknowledges life events
  • Applied to treatment (CBT)
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12
Q

What are the weaknesses of the cognitive explanation of depression?

A
  • Can’t tell if negative irrational thoughts are a symptom or cause of depression
  • Post-natal depression much more likely to be caused by hormones
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13
Q

What are the aims of CBT for depression?

A

Change the way patients think –> change the way they feel –> change the way they behave

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14
Q

What is the process of CBT for depression?

A
  • Discuss symptoms, thoughts, feelings and behaviours
  • ‘Homework’: challenge irrational thoughts, write down feelings
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15
Q

What are the strengths of CBT as a treatment of depression?

A
  • Evidence: Beltman et al. (2010) CBT patients improved more than non-CBT
  • Longer lasting treatment: gives patients skills (drugs are temporary)
  • Gives patients self-determination
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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of CBT as a treatment of depression?

A
  • Relies on patients recognising symptoms/wanting to change (lack of motivation a symptom)
  • Ethical issue: Therapist may abuse power (patient told their way of thinking is ‘wrong’, what therapist sees as ‘wrong’ subjective)
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17
Q

What are the four types of antidepressants?

A
  • SSRI
  • SNRI
  • MAOI
  • TCA
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18
Q

What are the strengths of antidepressants as a treatment of depression?

A
  • Improves symptoms, allows patients to access CBT
  • Evidence: Royal College of Psychiatrists, drugs better than placebo
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19
Q

What are the weaknesses of antidepressants as a treatment of depression?

A
  • Side effects: diabetes, insomnia, suicidal feelings (may hurt more than help)
  • Improves symptoms but doesn’t tackle cause, relapse expected
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20
Q

What are the main symptoms of addiction?

A
  • Feeling of needing to take the substance
  • Stopping very difficult
  • Physical withdrawal symptoms (sweating, shaking vomiting)
  • Tolerance to substance
21
Q

What are the effects of addiction on an individual?

A
  • Neglect people/previously enjoyable activities
  • Spend money on addiction
  • Substance may be harmful
22
Q

What are the effects of addiction on society?

A
  • Time away from work, labour must be covered
  • Cost of treatment
  • Criminal behaviour to fund addiction
23
Q

What evidence is there for the genetic explanation of addiction?

A
  • Twin studies (Carmelli et al. (1992))
  • Adoption studies (Goodwin et al. (1973))
  • DDR2 gene (dopamine receptor) linked to addiction
24
Q

What are the strengths of the genetic explanation of addiction?

A
  • Evidence: twin and adoption studies
  • Explains why some people are more prone to addiction than others
25
Q

What are the weaknesses of the genetic explanation of addiction?

A
  • Reductionist: doesn’t take social factors into account)
  • No single gene found (DDR2 also linked to autism)
26
Q

What are the three theories for the learning explanation of addiction?

A
  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
  • Social learning theory
27
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association (links substance with positive feelings)

28
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Reinforcement of behaviours leading to positive outcomes (behaviour –> positive outcome –> behaviour repeated)

29
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

Behaviour learned from role models, more inclined to substances you’ve been exposed to

30
Q

What are the strengths of the learning explanation of addiction?

A
  • Treating addiction: assumes a behaviour can be unlearned
  • Explains why people relapse
31
Q

What are the weaknesses of the learning explanation of addiction?

A
  • Ignores biological factors
  • Doesn’t explain why some are more prone to addiction than others
32
Q

What are the two stages of CBT for addiction?

A
  • Functional analysis (understand sources/triggers)
  • Skills training (how to cope with cravings, assertiveness training, improving motivation)
33
Q

What are the strengths of CBT as a treatment of addiction?

A
  • Builds up skills, patients has control
  • Evidence: Young (2007) study
34
Q

What are the weaknesses of CBT as a treatment of addiction?

A
  • Relies on patient being motivated (symptoms of finding stopping hard and ignoring evidence)
  • Skills gained don’t guarantee those skills will be used/behaviour will stop
35
Q

What are the uses of drug therapy as a treatment for addiction?

A
  • Reduces withdrawal symptoms
  • Reduces cravings
  • Can help severe behavioural addictions
36
Q

What are the strengths of drug therapy as a treatment of addiction?

A
  • Evidence: Suck Won Kim et al. (2001), gambling addictions helped more with drug than placebo
  • Helps patients access CBT
37
Q

What are the weaknesses of drug therapy as a treatment of addiction?

A
  • Mixed evidence: Krysatl et al. (2001), drug and placebo relapse rate no difference after 6 months for alcoholics
  • Patients may become addicted to withdrawal/craving drugs
38
Q

What were the results of the Caspi et al. (2003) study?

A
  • Patients more likely to become depressed after stressful life event if they have at least one copy of the short 5-HTT gene
  • Depression caused by interaction between nature and nurture
39
Q

What were the strengths of the Caspi et al. (2003) study?

A
  • Large sample size
  • Useful for doctors (different possible causes)What were the results of the Caspi et al. (2003) study?
40
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Caspi et al. (2003) study?

A
  • Short gene may make people more prone to stressful situations instead
  • Questionnaire self- report data, may be inaccurate
41
Q

What were the results of the Young (2007) study?

A

Online CBT an effective treatment for internet addicts. Symptoms improved after 12 weeks, still better than before therapy after 6 months.

42
Q

What were the strengths of the Young (2007) study?

A
  • Shows online CBT can be effective
  • Information gathering consistent and standardised
43
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Young (2007) study?

A
  • Self-report data, may be unreliable
  • Different types on internet addictions not distinguished from each other
44
Q

What is the nature side of the nature vs nurture debate?

A

Behaviour is influenced by biological factors (genes)

45
Q

What is the nurture side of the nature vs nurture debate?

A

Behaviour is influenced by environmental factors (experiences, role models)

46
Q

What are the strengths of the nature side of the nature vs nurture debate?

A
  • Caspi et al. (2003), depression linked to short 5-HTT gene
  • Explains why some develop depression/addiction and other don’t
47
Q

What are the strengths of the nurture side of the nature vs nurture debate?

A
  • Suggests that since problems are learned, they can also be unlearned (basis for treatment)
  • CBT works for both depression and addiction, suggesting they’re caused by nurture and not nature
48
Q

What suggests depression/addiction are caused by both nature and nurture?

A
  • Caspi et al. (2001), combination of stressful life event and short 5-HTT gene
  • Gene makes people prone, experience triggers symptoms

Wolsey Hall (19 decks)

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