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Junior Year > Psychology Midterm > Flashcards

Psychology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behaviors and underlying mental process.

-Use the scientific method

-Social science, study of people

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2
Q

Empirical evidence

A

The information obtained through observation and documentation of certain behavior and patterns or through an experiment.

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3
Q

Behavior

A

The way you act, observe

EX. talking, sitting, writing, etc.

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4
Q

Mental Process

A

The unobservable things; (we can’t see)

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5
Q

Biological Approach

A

Examine a persons biology (genetics, brain & nervous system, hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.)

-1st part = investigate internal body chemistry (Bio psychologist)

EX. Blood work - check chemicals for depression, a chemical imbalance

EX. MRI for OCD, difference in OCD & Non-OCD Brain

-Change internal issues with medinice

-Dignous & treatment

-Diet, medication, physical activity, sleep, sickness-engery affect through the day.

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6
Q

Behavioral Approach

A

Stresses the importance of external environment (what we can see, the nature)

People we are around - family,friends, teachers, coaches, doctors, etc.

Cause & Effect, behavior gets developed in different ways - through associations

EX. End of class bell = leave - learn through association

Rewards & punishments, reinforce type strategy

Focus on what I can see, not so much internal, can train behaviors outwardly.

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7
Q

Psychodynamic Approach

A

Based on ideas & theories of Sigmund Freud

Developed ideas in 18th-19th hundreds

Unconscious - the collection of previous experiences (think iceberg): we don’t remember

Highly individual, so much of who er are, emphasis on early childhood

Brain is not as full developed (2&3 years old), but formative years

EX. Favorite color, music = some reason why

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8
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

We all have potential (regardless of situation) for improvement

Positive view of human nature

The needs that if not men might meet the potential (safe, security, food) - things that get in the way of us doing/being our best

Importance of our self concept - idea of self

EX. put on outfit, ask how it looks, says its fine so you go change = why self concept is so important, it is your reality (=)

Self person is important for how you see yourself

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9
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

“The thought process”

Centered on a person’s thought process, how we take in, analyze information

The most important thing is figuring out what we do is the thought process

EX. Why you do or do not like a class/teacher = cognitive approach

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10
Q

Cognitive Thinking

A

Attention, choice based behavior, decision making, forgetting, information processing, languages acquisition, memory, problem-solving, speech & visual perception, beliefs and expectations, experiences (remember), morals

“I just think it will be” = cognitive thinking approach

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11
Q

Psychologist

A

An individual who is professionally trained in one or more subfields of psychology.

4 year undergrad degree (BA/BS)

Clinical = Ph.D, Psy.D = 2-4 years (all together 7+ years of school)

Educational Ed.D

Field experience na dlisense

M.A. (Masters Degree) = 2 years

Help provide social, emotional, behavioral therapy.

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12
Q

Psychiatrist

A

Gets M.D. (Medical Doctorate)

4 - years undergrad

4 years medical school

2 + years of residency

Needs extra medical background

Can prescribe medicine

Help provide social, emotional, behavioral therapy.

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13
Q

Specialty Fields (1-2 most common)

A

Clinical Psychology: assess, diagnose, and treat mental illnesses.

Counseling Psychology

Experimental Psychology

Forensic Psychology

Education: school psychologist, special education teacher, counselor, learning specialist, or assessment specialist.

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14
Q

Introspection

A

The examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings.

The process of introspection relies on the observation of one’s mental state, while in a spiritual context it may refer to the examination of one’s soul.

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15
Q

Who is Wilhelm Wundt? Why is he significant in the field of psychology?

A

A German physiologist and a philosopher.

He was the first person to ever call themselves a psychologist.

Opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory that was dedicated to psychology. It is thought to be the beginning of modern psychology.

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16
Q

Structuralism

A

Easy definition: breaking down mental processes into the most basic components.

A method of interpretation and analysis of the aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on the relationships of contrast between the elements in a conceptual system that reflects patterns that underlay a superficial diversity

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17
Q

Functionalism

A

The theory that all aspects of a society serve a function and are necessary for the survival of that society. Have to adapt to our environment.

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18
Q

William James

A

American philosopher and psychologist and the first educator to take psychology courses in the US.

He helped to found psychology as a formal discipline, he helped establish a school of functionalism in psychology.

He also greatly advanced the movement of pragmatism in philosophy.

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19
Q

Ivan Pavlov (Early behavioral psychologist)

A

Most well known for developing an experiment testing the concept of the conditioned reflex.

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20
Q

B.F. Skinner (Early behavioral psychologist)

A

Wrote a novel (1938) based on his theories Walden Two (1948).

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21
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

A school of thought that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole.

Gestalt psychology suggests that humans do not focus on separate components but instead tend to perceive objects as elements of a more complex system.

Gestalt psychology was founded by Max Wertheimer, a Czecholsovakian psychologist.

Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka are also considered co-founders of the Gestalt theory.

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22
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Human behavior is influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges.

Think “iceberg”

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23
Q

Clinical psychology

A

The branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness and psychological problems.

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24
Q

Behaviorism

A

A theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, and conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.

The way you act
- Simple observable actions, WHAT I SEE

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25
Q

Ethical guidelines (w/ examples)

A

Professional recommendations and advice for psychologists to follow as they do research or provide treatments.

Informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, and debriefing

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26
Q

Research

A

Theory-driven, hypothesis-testing science driven by a quest for fundamental understanding.

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27
Q

4 Goals of scientific psychology

A

Describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

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28
Q

Hypothesis

A

A precise, testable statement of what the researchers predict will be the outcome of the study.

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29
Q

Scientific Method (systematic)

A

Hypothesis, Experiment, Theory, Critical thinking/analyze research & data

An approach of gathering information & answering questions so that errors & bias are minimized.

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30
Q

Basic Research

A

Finding something & researching it

One individual/group a researcher goes in-depth in analyzing them, deep research

EX. 6th graders start smoking

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31
Q

Applied Research

A

Take action - response to findings

Use in productive & resourceful ways

EX. Taking action to stop/help it (the 6th graders smoking)

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32
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Analyze research & data collection with skepticism

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33
Q

Case Study (Non-experimental Research)

A

An in-depth investigation into all aspects of an individual subject

Have a condition you want to study or some unique sitneuation.

Phineas Gage: Rod went though his head, case study = what he was like after the incident

Interview patient, background, medical history

Drawbacks = might not be the same for everyone.

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34
Q

Naturalistic Observation (Non-experimental Research)

A

Watch & record information from subjects in their typical everyday environment

Get a truer sense of their behavior

EX. Jane Goodall investigating money in their natural environmental

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35
Q

Observer bias

A

Making judgements of subject (vs. simply reporting behaviors)

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36
Q

Observer effects

A

Presence of observer changes the behavior of subjects

Unnoticed observation = “true self behaviors/way that they will act”

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37
Q

Survey (Non-experimental Research)

A

A questionnaire distributed in order to gather information (data) on a subject(s)

  • Statistics
  • Efficient data
  • Honesty
  • Fast
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38
Q

Self-report bias

A

Giving misinformation about oneself to researches (for many reasons)

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39
Q

Courtesy bias

A

Fill out to be polite to the person.

EX. Survey after a meeting, how was the meeting? (it was boring) but you say its good.

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40
Q

Correlational Study (Non-experimental Research)

A

Looks to examine a possible relationship between 2 or more variables ( measure and categorize)

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41
Q

Correlational Coefficient

A

A number between -1.0 to +1.0 represents strength of relationship.

Measure by distance from 0, or absolute value

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42
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Variable 1 increase and variable 2 increase

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43
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Variable 1 increase and variable 2 decrease

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44
Q

No Correlation

A

No pattern to variables

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45
Q

Operation Definition

A

How I measure whatever variable I’ve chosen

  • Has to be measurable
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46
Q

Subject

A

Individuals participating in research studies

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47
Q

Sample

A

The method by which participants are selected to be included in a study

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48
Q

Random Sample

A

A technique in which each person is equally likely to be selected

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49
Q

Representative

A

A sample that closest matched the target population as a whole in terms of key variables and characteristics.

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50
Q

Experiment

A

A method of identifying cause-and-effect relationships by following a set of rules & guidelines that minimize the possibility of error, bias, & chance occurrences

  • Why? - cause & effect
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51
Q

Extraneous variable

A

Any variable not being investigated that has the potential to affect the outcome of a research study.

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52
Q

Confounding variables

A

Factors other than the independent variable that may cause a result.

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53
Q

Scientific Method (Step 1)

A

Make a hypothesis (if..then..), one or more specific questions

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54
Q

Scientific Method (Step 2)

A

Identify

If = The independent variable

Then = the dependent variable, the effect

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55
Q

Scientific Method (Step 3)

A

Choose

Random selection: each subject in a sample population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the experiment

Important to avoid any potential error or bias that may come from them knowing or unknowingly wanting to choose the “best” subjects for their experiment.

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56
Q

Scientific Method (Step 4)

A

Assign

Experimental group: composed of subjects who receive the treatment

Control group: composed of subjects who undergo all the Same procedures as the experimental subjects expect that the control subjects do not receive the treatment

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57
Q

Scientific Method (Step 5)

A

Manipulate

  • Researchers manipulate the IV by administering the treatment to the experimental group
  • Give some conditions to control group but a different level of treatment, no treatment, or a placebo
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58
Q

Scientific Method (Step 6)

A

Measure

  • Final measurement & data analysis (comparison)
  • Support or refute your hypothesis
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59
Q

Placebo

A

Pill/treatment that has no medical effects

(In research it should be identical to the IV or whatever medication you are using)

  • Can have real effects on one’s behavior, have a real impact on them.
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60
Q

Placebo Effect

A

When a person thinks they take medication, their behavior can change as a result.

  • More than 1/3 (35%) of patients with pain respond to placebos.
  • They ARE getting better from the placebo effect, it worked

Why? Expectations (Cognitive approach)? Endorphins? Sid effects?

REAL OCCURRENCE

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61
Q

Double-blind Experiment

A

One where neither the subject or the researcher know who is which group.

  • Prevents bias & judgements
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62
Q

Single blind experiment

A

A type of clinical trial in which only the researcher doing the study knows which treatment or intervention the participant is receiving until the trial is over.

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63
Q

Experimental effect

A

An experimental artifact where participants consciously or unconsciously alter their behavior to align with the expectations of the experimenter, potentially influencing the study outcomes.

  • One famous example was the horse Clever Hans
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64
Q

Independent Variable

A

The condition or treatment that is being tested.

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65
Q

Dependent Variable

A

How we measure the effects of treatment

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66
Q

Reliabilty

A

The consistency of what is found or the result of a psychology research study.

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67
Q

Validity

A

When a test is considered valid if it measures the constant it was designed to access or measure.

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68
Q

Informed Consent

A

Is a person’s voluntary agreement to participate in a procedure and they understand what is going to happen, what might work, and what might be a possible risk for the procedure.

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69
Q

Debriefing

A

A set of procedures including counseling and the giving of information aimed at preventing psychological morbility and aiding recovery after a schematic event, provides participants with a full explanation of the hypothesis being tested.

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70
Q

Neurons

A

The structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

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71
Q

Dendrites

A

A branch like structure that “receives” information and carries it into the neuron.

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72
Q

Soma (Cell Body)

A

It’s surrounded by dendrites and it is the brain of the neuron

73
Q

Axon

A

It is the long fiber part of the neuron that electrical messages travel down it

74
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

Tiny bulblike structures at the end of the axon, which contain and release the neurotransmitters

75
Q

Synapse

A

The empty space between 2 neurons where neurons chemically talk to each other

76
Q

Nerve impulse

A

A sudden reversal of the electrical charge across the membrane of a resting neuron, called an action potential.

(action potential)

77
Q

Nervous System

A

Relaying information to & from the brain

Your communication systems

Sends messages

  • About use of nerves in your body
78
Q

Synapse

A

The space (gap) between the end of 1 neuron & the begining of anohter.

  • They may touch, the CAN NOT connect
79
Q

Central Nervous System (N.S.)

A

Brain & spinal cord

  • Don’t regenerate

~ EX: Alzheimer (loosing those neurons)

80
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (N.S.)

Branch 1

A

Everywhere else

  • Regenerate
81
Q

Branch 2: Autonomic N.S.

A

(Involuntary)

  • Blinking and breathing
82
Q

Branch 2: Somatic N.S.

A

(Voluntary)

  • Sensory & Movement (motor)
  • Write name & walking across a room
83
Q

Sympathetic N.S.

Branch 3 off of Autonomic N.S.

A

“Fight or Flight”

Activates the body

  • Increase heart rate
  • Dry mouth
  • Have to pee
84
Q

Parasympathetic N.S.

Branch 3 off of Autonomic N.S.

A

“Rest & Digest”

Relaxes the body

  • Decrease heart rate
  • Stimulate Silvia
  • Contract Bladder
85
Q

Electrical

(Way to transmit a message)

A

Axon

86
Q

Chemical

(Way to transmit a message)

A

End/beginning of neuron between 2 neurons

87
Q

Ion

A

Charged particle

Opposite charges attract

  • Negative - protein, chloride (Cl)
  • Positive - Sodium (Na), Potassium (K)
88
Q

Threshold

A

Point at which the voltage triggers an action potential

89
Q

Action Potential

A

The change in electric potential that propagates along the axon of a neuron during the transmission of a nerve impulse or the contraction of a muscle.

EX. when we smell a scent, the olfactory neurons in the nose fire action potentials as a response.

90
Q

All or Nothing Event

A

Change/current will go all to the end of the axon once it begins.

91
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical substance that is released when electrical impulse reaches axon terminals, travels across synapse to next axon.

Each type sends a specific message.

92
Q

Most common (small molecule) neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, serotonin, norepinephrine, gamma-Aminobutyric acid, oxytocin.

93
Q

Endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters released by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus in the brain.

94
Q

Sensory

A

Peripheral sensory neurons are activated by stimuli external to the body, such as light, touch, sound, scent, or taste.

95
Q

Motor

A

A rapid, unlearned, involuntary motor response to a given stimulus.

96
Q

Relay

A

Relay neurons connect sensory neurons to motor neurons.

97
Q

Agonist

A

A substance that mimics the actions of a neurotransmitter or hormone to produce a response when it binds to a specific receptor in the brain.

98
Q

Antagonist

A

A chemical or drug that binds to receptors in the brain and prevents an agonist from having a reaction.

99
Q

Reuptake

A

what happens after a signal is transmitted: The neurotransmitter, its “work” completed, is reabsorbed back into the cell that previously released it.

100
Q

Medulla

A

Helps control vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure.

101
Q

Cerebellum

A

Muscle control, including balance and movement. It also plays a role in other cognitive functions such as language processing and memory.

102
Q

Limbic System (4 major parts)

A

A group of interconnected brain structures that help regulate your emotions and behavior.

  • amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus.
103
Q

4 lobes & functions of the brain

A

Frontal: higher executive functions including emotional regulation, planning, reasoning and problem solving occur.

Parietal: responsible for integrating sensory information, including touch, temperature, pressure and pain.

Temporal: also contains regions dedicated to processing sensory information, particularly important for hearing, recognizing language, and forming memories. Visual, memory, & auditory information

Occipital lobes: main visual process center of the brain

104
Q

Corpus callosum

A

A bundle of nerve fibers that allow your brain’s left and right hemispheres to communicate.

105
Q

Hemispheric lateralization

A

A functional dominance of one hemisphere over the other, in which one is more responsible or entirely responsible for control of a function in comparison to the other.

106
Q

Split-brain

A

A type of disconnection syndrome when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree.

107
Q

Pons

A

The part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.

108
Q

Reticular formation

A

A complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival.

109
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Located in the left hemisphere

Is associated with speech production and articulation.

110
Q

Wernicke area

A

Located in the left hemisphere

Important for the comprehension of speech sounds and is considered to be the receptive language, or language comprehension, centre.

111
Q

Aphasia (types)

A

Loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.

Types:
- Broca
- Wernicke
- Etc.

112
Q

Brain plasticity

A

The capacity of the nervous system to change its structure and ultimately its function over a lifetime.

113
Q

Endocrine system

A

The glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body.

114
Q

PET scan

A

An imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your tissues and organs.

The PET scan uses a radioactive drug called a tracer to show both typical and atypical metabolic activity.

115
Q

EEG

A

A test that measures electrical activity in the brain. This test also is called an EEG.

The test uses small, metal discs called electrodes that attach to the scalp.

Brain cells communicate via electrical impulses, and this activity shows up as wavy lines on an EEG recording.

116
Q

CT Scan

A

Scan is an imaging test that helps healthcare providers detect diseases and injuries.

It uses a series of X-rays and a computer to create detailed images of your bones and soft tissues.

117
Q

MRI

A

A noninvasive medical imaging test that produces detailed images of almost every internal structure in the human body, including the organs, bones, muscles and blood vessels.

MRI scanners create images of the body using a large magnet and radio waves.

118
Q

Stroke (Hemorrhagic & ischemic)

A

A stroke happens when blood flow to your brain is stopped.

An ischemic stroke is caused by a blocked artery in the brain.

A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by leaking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain.

119
Q

Meningitis (viral & bacterial)

A

Inflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes, typically caused by an infection.

Meningitis is usually caused by a viral infection but can also be bacterial or fungal.

Vaccines can prevent some forms of meningitis.

Viral meningitis is the most common and least serious type.

Bacterial meningitis is rare, but can be very serious if not treated.

120
Q

Concussion

A

A type of traumatic brain injury—or TBI—caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth.

121
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

A condition where a part of your brain deteriorates, causing more severe symptoms over time.

122
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions.

Brain cell connections and the cells themselves degenerate and die, eventually destroying memory and other important mental functions.

123
Q

Stem cells

A

Cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body.

They serve as a repair system for the body.

There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

124
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outer layer that lies on top of your cerebrum.

The cerebral cortex carries out essential functions of your brain, like memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, emotions, consciousness, and sensory functions.

125
Q

Sensation

A

The process that allows our brains to take in information via our five senses, which can then be experienced and interpreted by the brain.

126
Q

Perception

A

Our recognition and interpretation of sensory information.

And how we respond to the information.

127
Q

Consciousness

A

The individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings,sensations, & environments.

  • If you can describe something you are experiencing with words,then it is part of your consciousness
128
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Our internal daily biological clock (approximately 24 hours)

Sleep/wake cycle

129
Q

Jet Lag

A

Change in time zone & we have to adjust our biological clock.

130
Q

Hypnosis

A

A state or alternative state of consciousness with a openness to suggestion.

131
Q

Withdrawal

A

A term used to describe the physical and mental symptoms that a person has when they suddenly stop or cut back the use of an addictive substance, such as opiates and opioids, nicotine products, or alcohol.

132
Q

Tolerance

A

A fair and objective attitude towards others whose beliefs and lifestyles are different than that which you are experiencing.

133
Q

Microsleep

A

Sleep episodes that last for 15 seconds or less.

134
Q

N1

A

Only experience when we go from being awake to asleep.

Transition = wake to asleep
~ Hypinc jerk
~ Imagery, also called hypnagogic hallucinations
~ More like daydreams
~ Usually about 7 minutes, but could be shorter (other determining factors would cause that)

135
Q

N2

A

Lighter stage of sleep, but harder to wake up
- Heart rate decrease
- Body temperature decrease
-Breathing slower/regular
- Muscles relax

136
Q

N3

A

Slow-Wave Sleep (SWS)
Where brain activity is the slowest, big & slow waves.
- Blood pressure drops, breathing becomes slower, muscles relax, blood supply to the muscles increases, tissue growth & repairs, heartbeat decreases, & a lot of movement
~ Immune system
~ Slowest brain waves, hardest to waken, will be groggy, disoriented
~ Sleep walking & talking

137
Q

REM

A

25% of the night, first occurs 90 minutes after asleep & reoccurs every 90 minutes, getting longer later in the night
- Rapid Eye Movement
~ Move back & forth under eyelids
~ Where most of our dreams happen
~ Muscle paralysis, body immobile & relaxed, voluntary movements are temporally paralyzed
~ Provides energy to the brain & body
~ Supports daytime performance

138
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone that your brain produces in response to darkness.

It helps regulate other hormones and maintains the body’s circadian rhythm.

139
Q

REM rebound

A

Characterized by an increased frequency, depth, and intensity of REM sleep, often accompanied by vivid dreams, potential disorientation upon waking, confusion, and headaches.

Damage to a certain part of the brain.

Alcohol suppresses REM sleep during the early part of the night, often leading to a REM rebound later.

140
Q

Night terror

A

Night terrors are sleep disturbances where you partially wake up and experience fear and panic symptoms.
- Do not remember them
- Happens mostly to younger people, children
- Happen in N3

141
Q

Nightmare

A

An intense dream that may cause terror etc.
- Easily remember them
- Happens to everyone
- Happen in REM

142
Q

Insomnia

A

A persistent problem with falling Or staying asleep.

Symptoms: lack of concentration or slowness in activity, difficulty falling asleep, & difficulty staying asleep.

Potential causes: lifestyle choices, medication, substances, or sleep habits.

143
Q

Hypersomnia

A

A state of excessive sleepiness which can result in decreased functioning and affect performance adversely.

144
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to control sleep-wake cycles, causes overwhelming daytime drowsiness.

Symptoms: muscle lost, hallucination, etc.
Causes: Involve genetic factors and abnormal signaling in the brain.
Treatments: Stimulants, antidepressants, other medications can help, & therapy.

145
Q

SIDS

A

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexplained death of a baby younger than 1 year old.

Risk factors:
- Low birth weight infants.
- Premature infants.
- Sex of the baby-boys have a higher incidence of SIDS.
- Race: African American, American Indian or Native Alaskan babies have a higher risk for SIDS.
- Babies who sleep on their stomachs.

146
Q

Apnea

A

The temporary cessation of breathing while asleep

Occurs when the upper airway briefly becomes blocked (obstructive sleep apnea) or when the respiratory centers in the brain fail to stimulate respiration (central sleep apnea).

147
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Occurs in N3, deep sleep

The act of getting up and walking around while asleep.

Not harmful to wake them, they would just be confused

148
Q

Sleep-talking

A

Occurs in N3, deep REM sleep & lighter nREM sleep

Talking during sleep without being aware of it.

Not harmful to wake them, they would just be confused.

149
Q

Psychodynamic dream theory (+terminology)

A

Freud goes on to describe that the true meaning of the dream is based on the needs and desires buried in the unconscious.

150
Q

Activation-synthesis theory

A

The belief that dreams are the brain’s way of making sense of random electrical signals created during REM sleep.

151
Q

Learning

A

The acquisition of knowledge, skill, attitudes, or understanding as a result of experience.

152
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Includes 2 different stimuli & the subject learns that 1 of those stimuli is often followed by the other.

153
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A learning method that uses rewards & punishments to modify voluntary behaviors.

154
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

The process by which our brain cells become less sensitive to constant stimuli that are picked up by our senses.

155
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in an animal or person’s response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.

156
Q

Dishabituation

A

A form of recovered or restored behavioral response wherein the reaction towards a known stimulus is enhanced, as opposed to habituation.

157
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial stage of learning or conditioning.

158
Q

Extinction

A

The gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing.

159
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

The ability to distinguish between one stimulus and similar stimuli.

160
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Occurs when an individual responds to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

161
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

When a behavior that is believed to be extinct (the conditioned behavior has disappeared or stopped occurring when the stimulus is present) unexpectedly and quickly returns after a period of rest or lessened response.

162
Q

UCS

A

Unconditioned stimulus

163
Q

UCR

A

Unconditioned response

164
Q

NS/CS

A

Conditioned stimulus

165
Q

CR

A

Conditioned response

166
Q

Reinforcement (+ & -)

A

+: introduce something pleasant to increase behavior

-: Take away something unpleasant to increase behavior

  • Create a favorable condition
167
Q

Punishment (+ & -)

A

+: Introduce something unpleasant to decrease behavior

-: Take away something pleasant to decrease behavior

(Create a unfavorable condition)

168
Q

4 reinfocement schedules

A

Rules that control the timing and frequency of reinforcement delivery in operant conditioning.

Fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval schedules

Each dictating a different pattern of rewards in response to a behavior.

169
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Things that motivate behavior because they satiate an individual’s basic survival needs.

170
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

A stimulus that reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer.

171
Q

Social reinforcer

A

A child’s behaviors are reinforced by positive social. interactions.

172
Q

Superstitious behaviors

A

A way people think they can control their fate by performing certain tasks in a certain way to either help alleviate anxiety or to simply better their chances in a certain situation.

173
Q

Shaping

A

The process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur.

174
Q

Escape learning

A

A type of negative reinforcement in which one distances themself once they are presented with an undesirable stimulus or performs a behavior to stop that stimulus once it begins to occur.

175
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Occurs when an animal or individual performs a behavior that prevents a forthcoming negative stimulus.

176
Q

Cognitive learning (+ maps)

A

A interesting learning theory that focus on thought.

Map: a mental picture or image of the layout of the physical environment.

177
Q

Latent learning

A

Refers to knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it.

178
Q

Observational learning

A

Describes the process of learning by watching others, retaining the information, and then later replicating the behaviors that were observed.

Junior Year (9 decks)

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