APUSH Chapter 30 Flashcards
oil embargo
us used 70% of worlds oil
arab countries made organization of petroleum exporting countries, made an emnargo on us for their support of isreal during the yom kippor war, made pricis go up 1973
nixon tried to combat this with “energy czar” wh energy saving policies, prices for gas + such still rose
us workforce
alf-cio support down, no more meaningful work
only public employees really unionizing
more women working 1980, paid less, worked on smaller paying jobs
aa workers wh no discrimination law,s black women pay was almost like w womens pay, Hispanic women had few jobs
environmentalist movement
starting wh biologist Racheal Carsons boom “silent spring” talking abt effects of pesticides
now recycling, earth day
oil embargo + other stuff showed bad effects ww2, now a political issue
love canal NY: chemical waste got into ppls yards + got them sick, they organized and it was declared a health emergency, relocated the ppl
environmental protection agency
1970s bills on endangered species, emissions
business based groups like united auto workers didnt like environmentalist, thought they were bad for economy
lost the campaign to stop trans Alaskan pipeline, made population rise
carter running for presidency + beginning actions
carter was democrat, not liberal, religious, defending existing enlightenment programs, opposed comprehensive healthcare
needed d and r votes, won 1976
start of presidency:
- deregulated airline, made flights cheaper, reforms in ss, education
- inflation made stuff more $ and carter didnt help
symbol of a larger collapse
carter- international policy
europeans making better cars, japanese making better tech, us tried to import cheap materials but had more goods than could export, not #1 anymore
put international human rights at top, get cia to speak out against south african regime, Brazil
panama got control of Panama cannal by 2000
us had diplomatic relations wh ppls republic of china (conservatives mad, ad to end ties wh taiwian)
backed el savadors oppressive gov
Nicaragua:
- lost Nicaragua, replaced wh dictator debaye, us had non one else top put in, tried to get funding for aid but turned down
camp david
carter got isreal to re-conciliate wh egypt, negotiations, camp david accords where egypt recognized Israel and had diplomatic relations
egypt regained control over sinai peninsula oil fields
carter hoped to make peace between Israel and Palestine but didnt work
us + soviets
soviets invaded afgantstan, threat to oil industry, ready to use us force if needed, us cut off trade wh soviets, no more detante
iran hostage crisis
us put pahlavi family in control of iran in 1953 for oil
shah was president, got overthrown by islamic leader khomeni
shah went to us for cancer treatment, kohemis followers stormed us embassy, took hostages
carter refused demands, after 444 days had a secret hostage helicopter rescue mission, failed, koheimi angry
fallout:
- cyrus vance sec of state resigned cause of disagreements
- oil $ rose 60%
- failed in energy, failed in international human rights policy
hostages returned right as Reagan went into presidency, jan 21 1981
neoconservatism
democrats who turned aginst new deal style welfare state liberalism, wanted = opportunity but rejected outcome of equality
- dismantle poverty programs, appeal affirmative action programs
wanted stronger national defense against communism, x detente, sad carter allowed communist to advance
building the institution foundation for rightward turn in american politics, well funded programs like heritage foundation
the new right + religous right
political: wanted to build up military, small gov, anti communist
economic: less taxes, regulation
social: pro family, traditional, not progressive (anti gay, etc)
who was in it: conservatives
religous right: wanted to return to traiditonal family, anit abortion, pro public prayer
evangelical prodestants
religious right
supported neoconservative on foreign policy, return prayer to public school, death penalty
moved conservatives to repub party
ppl on tv for specialized prayer, money, politics, by 1970s 30 religious tv stations
moral majority: 1974 revered jerry fallwell, bible Baptist, formed mm, anti gay, anti integration, stronger defense
new right and their traditional family values
feminism- ERA, roe v wade
phyliss schafly, headed stop ERA campaign, strong, big, religious group of ppl, said ERA was against gods plan
era approved by congress 1972, ratified by only 33 votes and died 1979
era timeline: introduced 1923, passed in 1950, 1967 NOW trying to get ratfied, approved 1971, 1982 didnt get contunied
- 85% dems ad 33% repubs voting in favor
rove v wade 1973, laws saying abortion 2 trimesters in pregnancy is violation of privacy
- orange county pro life political action committee made in 1973 anti sex ed, picketed plant parenthood
dems v repubs
democrats: liberals
- carter - infuse religion, democrat, human rights, idealist (like Wilson)
- urban (places red v blue similar to today)
- mondale
republican: conservatives
- reagan
- bush- military CIA intelligence background
- wealthy, fiscally conservative
carter: 1977-81
reagan: 1981-89
bush: 1989 - 93
clinton: 1993-2001
reagan + election 1980
reagan was a past actor, handsome, used to be democrat than switched
- as cali governor he cut state welfare, reduced state employees, state tax revenue back to local gov
- attacked student protestors
- “the great communicator”
- ended/rejected free spirot liberalism of the 60s
carter knew he needed to help economy and iran situation
reagon won election
white working ppl turned repub, women+aa didnt vote for reagan
Reaganomics
eagan revolution a new age in american political life
Reaganomics helped us economy wh supply siders wanting tax cuts, reductions in public spending to give intensive for piv investors to start business. create wealth and jobs
revenue lost by lower tax rates would make up for new economic growth, spending cuts would keep federal army of deficit (sum of money is too small)
george gidders “wealth and poverty” said a successful economy depends on the large increase of the rich
supply siders looked to reward the loyal republicans, affluent, business community and reduce democrat constituencies (voters who elect a rep)+ the recipients of welfare programs
increase in defnse spedning, slow gov spedning, reduce fedral tax income (taxes levied by gov) and tax rate depending on income, deregulation, trying to reduce inflation
reagonomics- economic recovery tax act + other lesgeslation
1981
got cuts for corporations and individuals
- reduced minimum tax income 70-50%
lowered tax pay on profitable investments
eliminated distinction from earned + unearned income
- inherited, invested, more ppl in top tax bracket
created a favor to small rich population as they paid less taxes, less $ in taxpool
cuts for cutting social/cultural programs, arts, etc
shift to funding military
air traffic controlworkers organization went on strike, 1981, all fiend and replaced, union membership lower than 15%
deregulation
abloshied environmental protection rules, workplace safety, etc
james watt opened wetlands to priv developers, secretary of transport lowered regulations
weakend ssc, justice department antitrust division, let large corporations, stocks, loan industry have free reign
1984 election
democrats choose mondale, more military minded, carters vp, had the frist female vp of gerdoine ferraro, emphasized growing deficit and unhelped majority
reagons popularity made him win over 50% of vote majority blue collar +54% women, ¼ dems
strategic defense initiative
reagon very anitcommunist, rollback communism, said us was behind ussr in military (not true), proceed wh plans to become global superpower + had largest peacetime military buildup
sdi 1983- space defense, use space missiles to defeat missiles coming to us
- not possible, too $$$, destabilized treaties
cuba and latin america
reagan doctrine- us supported any anti communist regime
- hoped to establish historical control over carribean, problems were from moscow havnnah alliance, and us tried to support anti communist in L america
1983 US admin said us invade grenada cuba, governed by Marxists, un didnt approve invasion
in el savador, us but billions of $ into us regime in e-s, bad regime, highly repressive
Afghanistan (reagan era)
us gave $ and resources to afgan in 1979 from ussr invasion, drove out ussr but taliban + osama bin ladin took over
Nicaragua + covert war
thought sandista army was threat to us, cia planned to get contras/exiles to be anti sandista, secretly mined their harbors, Nicaragua won judgment in world court, reagon ignored the verdict, pushed sanditsas to soviet bloc
congress tried to reign in the covert war by passing legislation (boland amdnement) to forbid support, but nsc secretly funded contras to continue and the scheme was revealed
iran contra scandal
showed how gov didnt listen to the constitution
terroist attacks on us mostly from pro palistine/islamic extremist, reagan blamed khomeini of iran and al qaddafi of libyeran
war between iran and iraq, us publicly supported iraq (Sudan hissien) and sent them supplies
secretly supplying iran wh weapons to get hostages back + make money
found out that us was using isreal to give iran weapons, also secretly still sending aid to Nicaragua contras
sending weapons to Iran, than taking that money and sending It to Nicaragua
nsc staffer oliver north defended his actions as patriotic, john pointdexter destroyed evidence and lied, many americans appalled, both men tried + convictions overturned, reagan claimed ignorance
African americans
33% aa, 29% Hispanic in poverty
aa working 62% of white income 1975
aa more likely to drop out of high school, higher death rate
1960 less aa kids in integrated schools than 1954, courts didn’t uphold programs
- white flight to suburbs
sc case wh u of cali, white guy allan burke said he deserved to get into this school/thought he was more qualified than the aa kids, sc said affirmative action/diversity only when unfair treatment had been proved
poverty
¼ kids in poverty
rise in poverty, 50% of employees
early 1980s 350000 homeless, up to 3 mil
- moslty vets, medical patients, female headed familites, veterans, reagan ignored
decline in housing + bad healthcare system
women
more female headed families, women pad too little to support family
divorced fams had kids/wives suffering, not always paying child support
rise in teen pregnancy, couldn’t get jobs/support
more female headed fams wh aa women
migration
sunbelt: florida to ca, conervative, more repubs, greater gross product
population growth from ss benefits, increase in old ppl and aa latino and asians
public improvements, developments, argibussinesses also added to growth
ny, texas and cali top 3 states, turned rural to suburbs
hispanic and natives making no money
rustbelt: upper midwest, democrats, population decreasing from less popularity in manufactoring
ppl moving from farms on midwest/plains to the newer stuff in the s
war on drugs
focused by first lady laura bush, just say no
1989 bish sent troops to arrest general mauel noriga in Panama, big drug dealer, thousands of innocent ppl jailed/died in the process of arresting him
crack was cheap and popular 1980
1982 war on drugs: opperation to stop drug tafficing
- focused on supply abroad, needed to focus domesticlly wh rehab, education and treatment
aids
breakout in te 80s, mostly gay ppl but also from blood transfusions and sex
aids caused fear + anegr for gays, ppl promoting safe sex, reagon ignored
1982 resesscion
boomed in 1983
cause: from fed reserve tight policies, decline in energy prices, up in defense spending, inflation, high interest rates
supply siders not helping, reagan making more debt
effects: big deficiets made itnerst rates hight, value of dollar pushed up and not many foriegn sales, mass unemployment, mostley in manufactoring
us industires behind
George Bush
republican, conservative ideas like no new taxes, war on drugs, prayer in schools
said no new taxes, ended up having to raise them anyways wh increase in poverty and small rich ppl, unsustainable economy
won 1988
endorsed the Americans wh disabilities act 1996 that penalized employees that discriminated against qualified workers wh disabilities + build up accessibility
but also vetoed family leave bill that said 6 months of unpaid maternity leave for families
clean warer/air bill
had congress impose a small hike on wealthy taxpayers
soviets and Gorbachev
1985 Gorbachev took over ussr, encouraged open political disscusion, released ppl from prison, working towards halting a profit based market economy, imrpoved economy wh less %$ to millitary
- glasnost- openness of policy/politics
- perestokia- economic rebuilding
meeting wh reagan to ends arms race, no more cold war, but also making threats lowk
end communist reform in russia
1989 1st open elections, not use force to keep satitie nations in line, elections in poland, no more communism in polnd, checz, ect
end of cold war brought other political, religous differences
kuwait
oil rich country
190 iraqi troops took over kuwait and their oil feilds, felt kuwait was an ancient providence of iraq
after US threatened hussien + didn’t listen, operation desert shield, trying to go under the UNs knowledge and build up forces in saudi
than does operation desert storm where they made air strikes against the guard to remove them, US military in kuwait for 100 hours, pushed troops out
bush ordered forces to saudi/persian gulf + alliance in UN
- couldnt get iraq to leave, congress alowed pres ot use millitary force
left huge death toll and ecological damage
bush decided to not go into Iran
persian gulf war
cia tried to overthrow hussien + iraqui kurs supported us but got jaield + torutured
us in saudi arabia, v oil rich, used to get into iraq, many islams hating us as saudi was a sacred place
osama bin laden opposed us, had terroist organization
1992 election
perisan war made bush popular but led to recession + stock market collapse 1999
- americans falling into debt, real estate prices dropped, bussinesses bankrupt
bush promised to work wh dems to fix it
agisnt clinton and ale gore for dems,
independent texas billionare ross perot said he would solve economic issues
- clinton wanted tax cut for mc, conservative wh also being tough on crime, liked stable families, reduce bureaucracy, create new jobs
independent texas billionaire ross perot said he would solve economic issues
clinton won, perot got 19% which showed eocnomy was a big issue wh the people
1988 election
bush v dukakis
affirmative action
promote deseg/integration
mostly apply to jobs, used in education as well
- newly segregated schools,
didn’t grow up wh same opportunities, take into account when hired/admitted
desert shield v storm
Operation Desert Shield was the defensive phase (August 1990 - January 1991) of the Gulf War, focusing on building up forces and defending Saudi Arabia
Operation Desert Storm (January - February 1991) was the offensive combat phase, aimed at liberating Kuwait from Iraqi forces.
