Psychology

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

The individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings,sensations, & environments.
- If you can describe something you are experiencing with words,then it is part of your consciousness

Question 2

Factors into level of consciousness:

Answer 2

Activity, diet, sleep, drug/medication use, moon/emotion, environment(loud/quiet/hot/cold), amount of light, physical health, & mental health

Question 3

N1

Answer 3

Only experience when we go from being awake to asleep.

Transition = wake to asleep
~ Hypinc jerk
~ Imagery, also called hypnagogic hallucinations
~ More like daydreams
~ Usually about 7 minutes, but could be shorter (other determining factors would cause that)

Question 4

N2

Answer 4

Lighter stage of sleep, but harder to wake up
- Heart rate decrease
- Body temperature decrease
-Breathing slower/regular
- Muscles relax

Question 5

N3

Answer 5

Slow-Wave Sleep (SWS)
Where brain activity is the slowest, big & slow waves.
- Blood pressure drops, breathing becomes slower, muscles relax, blood supply to the muscles increases, tissue growth & repairs, heartbeat decreases, & a lot of movement
~ Immune system
~ Slowest brain waves, hardest to waken, will be groggy, disoriented
~ Sleep walking & talking

Question 6

REM

Answer 6

25% of the night, first occurs 90 minutes after asleep & reoccurs every 90 minutes, getting longer later in the night
- Rapid Eye Movement
~ Move back & forth under eyelids
~ Where most of our dreams happen
~ Muscle paralysis, body immobile & relaxed, voluntary movements are temporally paralyzed
~ Provides energy to the brain & body
~ Supports daytime performance

Question 7

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 7

Our internal daily biological clock (approximately 24 hours)

Sleep/wake cycle

Question 8

Jet Lag

Answer 8

Change in time zone & we have to adjust our biological clock.

Question 9

1. Sleep protects
   (5 reasons that sleep exists)

Answer 9

Helps protects your species overall, helps us survive to a level

Question 10

2. Sleep helps us recoperate
   (5 reasons that sleep exists)

Answer 10

Helps us restore the immune system & repair the brain tissue.

Sleeping a lot gives resting neurons times to repair themselves, while weakening unused connections.

Question 11

3. Restore & rebuild memories
   (5 reasons that sleep exists)

Answer 11

Sleep consolidates our memories. Reactivates recent experiences stored in the hippocampus & shifts them for permanent storage elsewhere in the cortex.

COGNITIVE THINKING!!

Question 12

4. Sleep feeds creative thinking
   (5 reasons that sleep exists)

Answer 12

Dreams can inspire noteworthy artistic & scientific achievements, such as dreams that clued a chemist to make the periodic table of elements.

Question 13

5. Sleep promotes growth
   (5 reasons that sleep exists)

Answer 13

During sleep the pituitary gland releases a growth hormone that is necessary for muscle development. As we age, we release less of this hormone & spend less time in deep sleep (N3).

Question 14

Hypnosis

Answer 14

A state or alternative state of consciousness with a openness to suggestion.

Question 15

Hypnotic susceptibility

Answer 15

A persons ability to respond to suggestions that alter their perception, thoughts, emotions, behavior, or sensations.

Question 16

EEG

Answer 16

A sleep EEG is a recording of the electrical activity of
the brain while you are awake and then asleep.

It involves having small discs (electrodes)
which record the activity attached to your scalp using paste.

Question 17

Freud’s theory states that dreams are a “window” to, or a way to examine one’s…..

Answer 17

dreams were a pathway to the unconscious mind.

Question 18

Distinguish between manifest and latent content of a dream.

Answer 18

The manifest content is the actual dream content remembered the following day.

The latent content of dreams pertains to unconscious wants, fears, or desires.

Question 19

Activation-synthesis theory

Answer 19

the belief that dreams are the brain’s way of making sense of random electrical signals created during REM sleep.

Question 20

Lucid dreaming & examples

Answer 20

The experience of achieving conscious awareness of dreaming while still asleep.
- You were aware that you were asleep and dreaming.
- Your dream was very vivid.
- You were able to exert some degree of control over the events or scenery in your dream.
- Your emotions were very intense.

Question 21

nREM dreams

Answer 21

Are typically more thought-like & conceptual

Question 22

REM dreams

Answer 22

REM reports are typically rated as more intense, bizarre, perceptually vivid, emotional & kinesthetically engaging

Question 23

Nightmare vs. Night terror

Answer 23

Nightmare: An intense dream that may cause terror etc.
- Easily remember them
- Happens to everyone
- Happen in REM

Night Terror: Night terrors are sleep disturbances where you partially wake up and experience fear and panic symptoms.
- Do not remember them
- Happens mostly to younger people, children
- Happen in N3

Question 24

Characteristics of sleep deprivation

Answer 24

• Problems with learning
• Focus problems
• Reactions
• Decision making/problem solving
• Memory
• Slower reaction time
• Short-tempered
• Difficulty managing your emotions
• Difficulty coping with change

Question 25

Sleepwalking

Answer 25

Occurs in N3, deep sleep

The act of getting up and walking around while asleep.

Not harmful to wake them, they would just be confused

Question 26

Sleep-talking

Answer 26

Occurs in N3, deep REM sleep & lighter nREM sleep

Talking during sleep without being aware of it.

Not harmful to wake them, they would just be confused.

Question 27

Narcolepsy

Answer 27

A chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to control sleep-wake cycles, causes overwhelming daytime drowsiness.

Symptoms: muscle lost, hallucination, etc.
Causes: Involve genetic factors and abnormal signaling in the brain.
Treatments: Stimulants, antidepressants, other medications can help, & therapy.

Question 28

Sleep apnea

Answer 28

A potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts.

Symptoms: snoring loudly & feeling tired even after a full night’s sleep.
Causes: Age & obesity. It’s more common in men.
Treatments: Lifestyle changes, such as weight loss, & the use of a breathing assistance device at night, such as a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine.

Question 29

SIDS

Answer 29

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexplained death of a baby younger than 1 year old.

Risk factors:
- Low birth weight infants.
- Premature infants.
- Sex of the baby-boys have a higher incidence of SIDS.
- Race: African American, American Indian or Native Alaskan babies have a higher risk for SIDS.
- Babies who sleep on their stomachs.

Question 30

Restless leg syndrome

Answer 30

A condition characterized by a nearly irresistible urge to move the legs, typically in the evenings.
A circulatory issues leading to a sleep disorder. Could lead to insomnia.

Symptoms: a nearly irresistible urge to move the legs, sleeping issues which can cause excessive daytime drowsiness

Potential causes: Iron deficiency, diabetes, stress, dopamine deficiency, pregnancy, etc.

Question 31

REM behavior disorder vs. sleep paralysis

Answer 31

REM BD: a sleep disorder in which you physically act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arm and leg movements during REM sleep

Sleep paralysis: A temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking.

Question 32

REM rebound

Answer 32

Characterized by an increased frequency, depth, and intensity of REM sleep, often accompanied by vivid dreams, potential disorientation upon waking, confusion, and headaches.

Damage to a certain part of the brain.

Alcohol suppresses REM sleep during the early part of the night, often leading to a REM rebound later.

Question 33

Insomnia

Answer 33

A persistent problem with falling Or staying asleep.

Symptoms: lack of concentration or slowness in activity, difficulty falling asleep, & difficulty staying asleep.

Potential causes: lifestyle choices, medication, substances, or sleep habits.

Question 34

5 non-medical treatments for insomnia

Answer 34

1) Sleep hygiene
2) Avoid substances
3) Wind down before bed
4) Relaxation techniques
5) Alternative therapies

Question 35

Examples of sleep aid medication

Answer 35

Trazdone, Melatonin, & Eszopiclone.

Dangers =drowsiness, headaches, & confusion.

Tolerance, trying to go through your day while still under the influence of sleep meds.