APUSH Midterm Flashcards
Sand Creek Massacre
The near annihilation in 1864 of Black Kettle’s Cheyenne band by Colorado troops under Colonel John Chivington’s orders to “kill and scalp all, big and little.”
Great Sioux War
From 1865 to 1867 the Oglala Sioux warrior Red Cloud waged war against the U.S. Army, forcing the United States to abandon its forts built on land relinquished to the government by the Sioux.
Treaty of Fort Laramie
The treaty acknowledging U.S. defeat in the Great Sioux War in 1868 and supposedly guaranteeing the Sioux perpetual land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.
Edmunds Act
1882 act that effectively disenfranchised those who believed in or practiced polygamy and threatened them with fines and imprisonment.
Edmunds-Tucker Act
1887 act that destroyed the temporal power of the Morman Church by confiscating all assets over $50,000 and establishing a federal commission to oversee all elections in the Utah territory.
Hispanic-American Alliance
Organization formed to protect and fight for the rights of Spanish Americans.
Homestead Act of 1862
1862 act that granted a quarter section (160 acres) of the public domain free to any settler who lived on the land fur at least 5 years and improved it.
Morrill Act of 1862
Act by which “land grant” colleges acquired space for campuses in return for promising to institute agricultural programs.
National Reclamation Act
1902 Act that added 1 million acres of irrigated land to the United States.
Forest Reserve Act of 1891
Act that allowed the President to set aside forest reserves from land in the public domain.
Omaha Act of 1882
Act that allowed the establishment of individual title to tribal lands.
Dawes Severalty Act
An 1887 law terminating tribal ownership of land and allotting some parcels of land to individual Indians with the remainder opened for white settlement.
Indian Territory and Reservation Policy (18.1.1)
Pres-Civil War the Indians occupied majority of the land, 100 tribes, 1 mil + members
Lost that after Civil War
Some Indians turned “white” or adapted to new life styles, more “white”
The Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867
1830 Congress passed the Indian Reservation Act
Bureau Indian affairs diverted away from helping Indians by corrupt officials
Buffalo was huge for Indians, 1870 railroad and gun powder decreased the buffalo population
Disease
The Indian Wars (18.1.2)
Sand Creek Massacre
Great Sioux War of 1865-1867
Treaty of Fort Laramine signed 1868, brought temporary peace
June 25, 1876 2,000-4,000 warriors wiped out Custard and his troops
That gave public to get support against Indians.
February 1877 Sioux leadership in Indian Wars was ended
Apaches seized Southwest territory & stole cattle, US army tried to stop them but couldn’t
1874-1875: the Kiowas & Comaches joined Apaches > the Red River War
US cut off food etc.
Small scale warfare until Sep 1886, 10 remaining Indians surrendered.
The Nez Perces
Had land & good with whites till 1860 gold rush
US demands treaty (1863) > lost land for low price, some refused
Gave up in 1871 & got small Idaho land
Met up with other Indians, US opened fire, Nez shot back & killed 1/3 of US troops
US tracked them down Nez surrendered cold and hungry
Moved to disease-ridden bottom land near Fort Leavenworth (Kansas)
Some deported to non-Nez reservations, Washington
Chief Joseph died in 1904
Mining Towns (18.2.1)
1848 gold discovered in CA
Euro, US, Chile & China came
Pop increase, urban town/land, vast global market
Investors & financiers built an entire industry
Railroads & shipping increased, goods, supply, & product movement
Towns didn’t stay pop for long, men outnumbered women
1860 - 1870: labor movement: work was dangerous & life shorting = demand higher pay
Insurance was indicated, before east, mines = strongest labor union
Immigrants from all over came
When mining was done = ghost towns
1843 gov gave the states the power to regulate the mines.
Mormon Settlements (18.2.2)
1847 Bringham Young led Mormons to Great Salt Lake Basin for religious practices
1870 87,000+ Mormons in Utah, spread to surrounding states, villages & communities
Federal laws in 1862 & 1874 against Mormon tight & unique ways of life
1882 Congress passed the Edmund’s Act, 5 years later the Edmund’s-Tucker Act
Early 1890s Mormon leader officially renounced the practice of plural marriage
Expanded religious leadership > economy expanded > major political force in land
1899 Utah a state Mormon communities reassembled society that original settlers saught to Europe.
Mexican Borderland Communities (18.2.3)
1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Mexican choose wear to live, Anglo-Hispanic borderlands
Elite/Rich Mexicans wielded political power, people for land, delegated in Congress passing bills for education
Dependent on wages, urban working for family, lands to small for subsistence farming
Women: steam stress, laundress, & sell garden crops > lost wages to husbands
The Sante Fe Ring, Anglos commercial expand = strains on relations
1880s Las Gorras Blancs rebels in North New Mexico destroy Anglo lands
Las Gorras Blanc, 1890, turned into a political organization > El Partido del Pueblo Unido (the peoples party)
Kept old traditions & cultures even with immigrants, new comers did old customs & rituals accustomed with family and religion.
The Long Drivers (18.3.1)
Cowboys bring cattle N than to E markets, paid $30, 1880s pushed for higher wage
African Americans, Mexican, Indian, and white cowboys all worked in different parts of the US
Most women stayed home on the ranch = domestic chostes, caring for children, and maintaing the household
Some women would join/help their husbands, then take over when they died.
The Sporting Life (18.3.2)
Dancing, girls, saloons, mining camps, gambling establishments, blow off steam = in the cattle towns
Prostitution, though illegal, most towns did not enforce till later
Women = a large employment source
Drugs, disease, high lodging and food prices, earnings slim except in cattle season
Dangerous partners, teens or 20 year old, tired of normal usual jobs
Frontier Violence and Range Wars (18.3.3)
No stable communities cause an increase of drinking, drugs, laws not enforced.
Post Civil War violent crime, assault, robbery ex of cattle increased, punishment = death by hanging
Decreased in the 1890s
“range wars” in the 1880s, fences to protect livestock
Some cattle was taken
Decreased in 1885-1887
Bankrupt some people etc. ?
Populating the Plains (18.4.1)
The Homestead Act of 1862, unmarried women filled 5-10% of the claims
Farmers lost claims, gov had best land = railroads, Rich people got good lands
Railroad promoted settlement in West. railroad lines preceded settlement
agents a& advertising for W, sponsors
1870-1900 2 mil + Europeans settles in West hired by the railroad, many countries came
Traveled in tight-knit communities, married in those, like Mexican retained language
20th century got closed newspapers and school to outside their communities
Largest migrated form the Mississippi river, got solitary on the Great plains, built homes and staked plots but left after a decade
Bigger towns/communities served large agricultural region, commercial centers, banks, medical, legal, and retail all next to the railroad
Social herciacrey based on education, governed relationship individuals, & family reinforced
Work, Dawn, to Dusk (18.4.2)
Men worked duck to Dawn hard
Women did all the domestic work, kids
Women got made when husband bought things for farm instead of the house
Children worked on farm until 9, one room school, learned for jobs in the future and life
People worked/borrowed things together because of harsh climate, women mixed leisure and work > organized events for everyone
End of century more than 1/3 of us farmers tenant to other land, soil bad,lost more money than they made
Farm family’s just counld’t live there, natural disasters, illness,
Writers celebrate their life but politics and money tell a different story.
New Production Technologies (18.4.3)
1837 John Deere designed the famous signing plow
Cyrus McCormick’s reaper for cutting grain
advancements in tech helped farmers work and produce 10 times faster, more tech was hand in hand with farmers labor
Morrial land grant, department of Agriculture (1889), Weather Bureau (1891) helped with farmers knowledge of soil and agriculture
Weather & climate played big disadvantage in crops & farming
1870 grasshopper clouds for mile long & ate everything
1880 CA national leader of wheat production
1870-1880 fruit and veggie shipped in refrigerator containers to East and Europe
CA big agriculture, Chinese sold marker or door crops, after mine decrease large agriculture farms increase
Farm factories no self-sufficient homesteaders, Chinese never ranked high,
Legislature loyalties over land & irrigation rights
The Toll on the Environment (18.4.4)
Changes in environment for commercial nearly as catastrophic as the Ice Age, Flora & fauna
Farmers introduced exotic plants & animals, “improved” land, but instead brought weeds, rates, and incest pests
Animals were decreasing in areas of US, grizzly bear, wolves, buffalo, had large decease in mind 1880s
Dust storms & eroded land from decrease in Buffalo & farmers having cattle & sheep who ate it
Irrigation by farmers = water bodies disappear & water table to decrease in 1870s
CA had Chinese build large canals and irrigation in West
18877, 1890s,and 1902 irrigation increases, no federal support till 1902, most West states
Water polices rarely consider effect > environment, CA Lake Tulare gone, was once huge, form irrigation by farmers
Need to maintain water supple = the development of natural forests, first in 1897
Secretary gained authority to regulate use
Policy by gov large scale regulations to conserve natural resources & enhanced federal gov role in economic develop in the West.
Natures Majesty (18.5.1)
Drawings & studies of the West piped public interest of natural sites
Fed gov started setting aside huge tracks of wilderness > national parks
1864 Congress passed the Yosemite Act: places Yosemite Valley, and a nearby grove of sequoias, under the protection of CA
1872 Yellowstone was the 1st national park, 5 more added between 1890-1910
The Legend Wild West (18.5.2)
First “western” “dime novels” sold in 1860 > people loved Western themed entertainment t.
Annie Oakley, sharp shooters & William f. Cody made entertainment for people to watch, some off real life events
Buffalo’s wild West toured Europe with a huge add, also at 1843 World’s Columbia Exhibitions
Some historians said that thesis helped foster democracy & district American identity
1890 federal census revealed that the “free land” had been depleted, propelling Fredrick Jackson turner to conclude that the “closing” of the frontier marked the end of the formative period of American history/
“Frontier thesis” also sounded a warning bell <what became known as.
The “American Primitive” (18.5.3)
Artist drawing west pictures, cowboys, Indians, people, and places
Photographs of Indian peoples working (1960-1970s)s aw pictures sometimes were posted/retouched
Studies/study of Indian peoples, 1877 Hawk Clan published major work Ancient Society outlines a universal process of social evolution leading from savagery to barbarism to civilization
Alice Cunningham Fletchers=most influential interpreters of the cultures of living tribes people, was a pioneering ethnographer
Encouraged father study of Indian stories, learn Omha songs she learned from them for a while
Helped draft the model legislation that was enacted by Congress as the Ohaha Act of 1882: Under the 1882 Act, nearly 50,000 acres were opened for sale to both Indians and non-Indians and the City of Pender, Nebraska was established by non-Indian settlers.
Reform Policy and Politics (18.6.1)
1881, Indians forcefully resettled on reservations. few adapted white was
Most influential reformer = Helen Hunt Jackson, 1879, heard chief struggle stories, poet &children author
She began lobbying for Indians rights & to rite against gov policy, 1881 book published
Womens National Indian Association (WNIA) 1874 rally, public support > program of assimilation
“American” manner, me& women working on farms, kids>boarding school=losing traditional values & culture
1882 WNIA gathered 100,000 signatures urge Congress passed out reservation system
Dawes Severtly Act (1887) somewhat helped the Indian situation, Sioux chief argued it was another white trick
Dawes Act undermined tribal sovereignty, religious, scared ceremonies, telling of legends, myths banned, forbidden etc.
Hair fashions changed, “Indian schools” forbade Indian languages, and clothing styles etc.Gov did not help new farmers, land, lost land 1887, reservations , did not scucessd in new life
Dawes Act not reversed until 1934, Congress passed Indian Reorganization Act: aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility.
Got some land and integrated tribe lands back.
The Ghost Dance (18.6.2)
1889 Northern Paiute wovoka had a vision during total eclipse of an from thee Creator
Sioux, among others, elaborated wovokas prophecy into a rebellion of resistance etc.
Ghost Dance, warning, scared local whites, the US 7th cavalry went out dancer hid, great chief of Sioux, Sitting Bull was killed, had been allied with us troops, Great dancer convinced that US gov planed to exterminate them
Dec 29,1890 cold & no horses Big Foot (leader of Ghost Dancers) surrendered white flag, dying of pneumonia
US troops expected them to surrender remainder weapons, one deaf brave misunderstood and fired accidental shot = panic
150 Sioux cut down, 25 soldiers mortally wounded, US shot anything that moved > women & children as they ran for cover
Many injured died in the snow/froze or some were transported
400 (almost) years after Columbus “discovered” the new world for Christian civilization
Seemed to make the final conquest of the continents indigenous peoples.
Endurance and Rejuvenation (18.6.3)
Complying with white offer, tree land, rejected white land did not mean no attack for tribes
The piams of Arizona, fought with US, Christian , spoke English, well-develop agriculture system,a& water system but still had cattle stolen and waterways diverted
Yana tribes in CA gathers, hunters >prostitution, enslave & new diseases
Yahi hid in caves for decade from white settlers to avoid contact
Flatheads, little land, little food, Oct 18981 new reservation, gov took more land = rural poverty
-Tribal identity vanished, work as trades people or farmers, intermarriage Drew Outsiders,
-Office of Indian Affairs (OIA), Southern youth had huge region fishing, hunted, gathered. 1848 started losing land to the US government
-Had to move, gov gave that option, life on reservation under OIA
-Challenged their Egalitarian practices, 1880s and before OIA have lessons for women about domestic household study, woman petitioned against that
-Cheyennes Peru and survived, more land geography a lot, christian, didn’t lose sense of tribal identity, battle Little Bighorn lost but survived
-Navajos went to unoccupied white land, survived Spanish invasion, 1863 300 Mile long walk, crops and fruit burned destroyed
-Preserve some largest Indian nation in US, crops decrease sheep increase food, wool rugs and blankets and jewelry silver and weaving help with their survival and economic gain
-Hopis lived unwanted white land Cliff cities, higher developed theological beliefs, peaceful social system, and sand, Kachina dolls, educate whites and help persuade public supporters and get economic resources to fend farther threats to their reservations
-In Canada and Mexico need a population suffered less pressure from the ones in the United States
-It would take several Generations before Indians over to experienced resurface etc.
centennial exposition
1876, celebrate technological promise
