APUSH Midterm Flashcards
Sand Creek Massacre
The near annihilation in 1864 of Black Kettle’s Cheyenne band by Colorado troops under Colonel John Chivington’s orders to “kill and scalp all, big and little.”
Great Sioux War
From 1865 to 1867 the Oglala Sioux warrior Red Cloud waged war against the U.S. Army, forcing the United States to abandon its forts built on land relinquished to the government by the Sioux.
Treaty of Fort Laramie
The treaty acknowledging U.S. defeat in the Great Sioux War in 1868 and supposedly guaranteeing the Sioux perpetual land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.
Edmunds Act
1882 act that effectively disenfranchised those who believed in or practiced polygamy and threatened them with fines and imprisonment.
Edmunds-Tucker Act
1887 act that destroyed the temporal power of the Morman Church by confiscating all assets over $50,000 and establishing a federal commission to oversee all elections in the Utah territory.
Hispanic-American Alliance
Organization formed to protect and fight for the rights of Spanish Americans.
Homestead Act of 1862
1862 act that granted a quarter section (160 acres) of the public domain free to any settler who lived on the land fur at least 5 years and improved it.
Morrill Act of 1862
Act by which “land grant” colleges acquired space for campuses in return for promising to institute agricultural programs.
National Reclamation Act
1902 Act that added 1 million acres of irrigated land to the United States.
Forest Reserve Act of 1891
Act that allowed the President to set aside forest reserves from land in the public domain.
Omaha Act of 1882
Act that allowed the establishment of individual title to tribal lands.
Dawes Severalty Act
An 1887 law terminating tribal ownership of land and allotting some parcels of land to individual Indians with the remainder opened for white settlement.
Indian Territory and Reservation Policy (18.1.1)
Pres-Civil War the Indians occupied majority of the land, 100 tribes, 1 mil + members
Lost that after Civil War
Some Indians turned “white” or adapted to new life styles, more “white”
The Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867
1830 Congress passed the Indian Reservation Act
Bureau Indian affairs diverted away from helping Indians by corrupt officials
Buffalo was huge for Indians, 1870 railroad and gun powder decreased the buffalo population
Disease
The Indian Wars (18.1.2)
Sand Creek Massacre
Great Sioux War of 1865-1867
Treaty of Fort Laramine signed 1868, brought temporary peace
June 25, 1876 2,000-4,000 warriors wiped out Custard and his troops
That gave public to get support against Indians.
February 1877 Sioux leadership in Indian Wars was ended
Apaches seized Southwest territory & stole cattle, US army tried to stop them but couldn’t
1874-1875: the Kiowas & Comaches joined Apaches > the Red River War
US cut off food etc.
Small scale warfare until Sep 1886, 10 remaining Indians surrendered.
The Nez Perces
Had land & good with whites till 1860 gold rush
US demands treaty (1863) > lost land for low price, some refused
Gave up in 1871 & got small Idaho land
Met up with other Indians, US opened fire, Nez shot back & killed 1/3 of US troops
US tracked them down Nez surrendered cold and hungry
Moved to disease-ridden bottom land near Fort Leavenworth (Kansas)
Some deported to non-Nez reservations, Washington
Chief Joseph died in 1904
Mining Towns (18.2.1)
1848 gold discovered in CA
Euro, US, Chile & China came
Pop increase, urban town/land, vast global market
Investors & financiers built an entire industry
Railroads & shipping increased, goods, supply, & product movement
Towns didn’t stay pop for long, men outnumbered women
1860 - 1870: labor movement: work was dangerous & life shorting = demand higher pay
Insurance was indicated, before east, mines = strongest labor union
Immigrants from all over came
When mining was done = ghost towns
1843 gov gave the states the power to regulate the mines.
Mormon Settlements (18.2.2)
1847 Bringham Young led Mormons to Great Salt Lake Basin for religious practices
1870 87,000+ Mormons in Utah, spread to surrounding states, villages & communities
Federal laws in 1862 & 1874 against Mormon tight & unique ways of life
1882 Congress passed the Edmund’s Act, 5 years later the Edmund’s-Tucker Act
Early 1890s Mormon leader officially renounced the practice of plural marriage
Expanded religious leadership > economy expanded > major political force in land
1899 Utah a state Mormon communities reassembled society that original settlers saught to Europe.
Mexican Borderland Communities (18.2.3)
1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Mexican choose wear to live, Anglo-Hispanic borderlands
Elite/Rich Mexicans wielded political power, people for land, delegated in Congress passing bills for education
Dependent on wages, urban working for family, lands to small for subsistence farming
Women: steam stress, laundress, & sell garden crops > lost wages to husbands
The Sante Fe Ring, Anglos commercial expand = strains on relations
1880s Las Gorras Blancs rebels in North New Mexico destroy Anglo lands
Las Gorras Blanc, 1890, turned into a political organization > El Partido del Pueblo Unido (the peoples party)
Kept old traditions & cultures even with immigrants, new comers did old customs & rituals accustomed with family and religion.
The Long Drivers (18.3.1)
Cowboys bring cattle N than to E markets, paid $30, 1880s pushed for higher wage
African Americans, Mexican, Indian, and white cowboys all worked in different parts of the US
Most women stayed home on the ranch = domestic chostes, caring for children, and maintaing the household
Some women would join/help their husbands, then take over when they died.
The Sporting Life (18.3.2)
Dancing, girls, saloons, mining camps, gambling establishments, blow off steam = in the cattle towns
Prostitution, though illegal, most towns did not enforce till later
Women = a large employment source
Drugs, disease, high lodging and food prices, earnings slim except in cattle season
Dangerous partners, teens or 20 year old, tired of normal usual jobs
Frontier Violence and Range Wars (18.3.3)
No stable communities cause an increase of drinking, drugs, laws not enforced.
Post Civil War violent crime, assault, robbery ex of cattle increased, punishment = death by hanging
Decreased in the 1890s
“range wars” in the 1880s, fences to protect livestock
Some cattle was taken
Decreased in 1885-1887
Bankrupt some people etc. ?
Populating the Plains (18.4.1)
The Homestead Act of 1862, unmarried women filled 5-10% of the claims
Farmers lost claims, gov had best land = railroads, Rich people got good lands
Railroad promoted settlement in West. railroad lines preceded settlement
agents a& advertising for W, sponsors
1870-1900 2 mil + Europeans settles in West hired by the railroad, many countries came
Traveled in tight-knit communities, married in those, like Mexican retained language
20th century got closed newspapers and school to outside their communities
Largest migrated form the Mississippi river, got solitary on the Great plains, built homes and staked plots but left after a decade
Bigger towns/communities served large agricultural region, commercial centers, banks, medical, legal, and retail all next to the railroad
Social herciacrey based on education, governed relationship individuals, & family reinforced
Work, Dawn, to Dusk (18.4.2)
Men worked duck to Dawn hard
Women did all the domestic work, kids
Women got made when husband bought things for farm instead of the house
Children worked on farm until 9, one room school, learned for jobs in the future and life
People worked/borrowed things together because of harsh climate, women mixed leisure and work > organized events for everyone
End of century more than 1/3 of us farmers tenant to other land, soil bad,lost more money than they made
Farm family’s just counld’t live there, natural disasters, illness,
Writers celebrate their life but politics and money tell a different story.
New Production Technologies (18.4.3)
1837 John Deere designed the famous signing plow
Cyrus McCormick’s reaper for cutting grain
advancements in tech helped farmers work and produce 10 times faster, more tech was hand in hand with farmers labor
Morrial land grant, department of Agriculture (1889), Weather Bureau (1891) helped with farmers knowledge of soil and agriculture
Weather & climate played big disadvantage in crops & farming
1870 grasshopper clouds for mile long & ate everything
1880 CA national leader of wheat production
1870-1880 fruit and veggie shipped in refrigerator containers to East and Europe
CA big agriculture, Chinese sold marker or door crops, after mine decrease large agriculture farms increase
Farm factories no self-sufficient homesteaders, Chinese never ranked high,
Legislature loyalties over land & irrigation rights
The Toll on the Environment (18.4.4)
Changes in environment for commercial nearly as catastrophic as the Ice Age, Flora & fauna
Farmers introduced exotic plants & animals, “improved” land, but instead brought weeds, rates, and incest pests
Animals were decreasing in areas of US, grizzly bear, wolves, buffalo, had large decease in mind 1880s
Dust storms & eroded land from decrease in Buffalo & farmers having cattle & sheep who ate it
Irrigation by farmers = water bodies disappear & water table to decrease in 1870s
CA had Chinese build large canals and irrigation in West
18877, 1890s,and 1902 irrigation increases, no federal support till 1902, most West states
Water polices rarely consider effect > environment, CA Lake Tulare gone, was once huge, form irrigation by farmers
Need to maintain water supple = the development of natural forests, first in 1897
Secretary gained authority to regulate use
Policy by gov large scale regulations to conserve natural resources & enhanced federal gov role in economic develop in the West.
Natures Majesty (18.5.1)
Drawings & studies of the West piped public interest of natural sites
Fed gov started setting aside huge tracks of wilderness > national parks
1864 Congress passed the Yosemite Act: places Yosemite Valley, and a nearby grove of sequoias, under the protection of CA
1872 Yellowstone was the 1st national park, 5 more added between 1890-1910
The Legend Wild West (18.5.2)
First “western” “dime novels” sold in 1860 > people loved Western themed entertainment t.
Annie Oakley, sharp shooters & William f. Cody made entertainment for people to watch, some off real life events
Buffalo’s wild West toured Europe with a huge add, also at 1843 World’s Columbia Exhibitions
Some historians said that thesis helped foster democracy & district American identity
1890 federal census revealed that the “free land” had been depleted, propelling Fredrick Jackson turner to conclude that the “closing” of the frontier marked the end of the formative period of American history/
“Frontier thesis” also sounded a warning bell <what became known as.
The “American Primitive” (18.5.3)
Artist drawing west pictures, cowboys, Indians, people, and places
Photographs of Indian peoples working (1960-1970s)s aw pictures sometimes were posted/retouched
Studies/study of Indian peoples, 1877 Hawk Clan published major work Ancient Society outlines a universal process of social evolution leading from savagery to barbarism to civilization
Alice Cunningham Fletchers=most influential interpreters of the cultures of living tribes people, was a pioneering ethnographer
Encouraged father study of Indian stories, learn Omha songs she learned from them for a while
Helped draft the model legislation that was enacted by Congress as the Ohaha Act of 1882: Under the 1882 Act, nearly 50,000 acres were opened for sale to both Indians and non-Indians and the City of Pender, Nebraska was established by non-Indian settlers.
Reform Policy and Politics (18.6.1)
1881, Indians forcefully resettled on reservations. few adapted white was
Most influential reformer = Helen Hunt Jackson, 1879, heard chief struggle stories, poet &children author
She began lobbying for Indians rights & to rite against gov policy, 1881 book published
Womens National Indian Association (WNIA) 1874 rally, public support > program of assimilation
“American” manner, me& women working on farms, kids>boarding school=losing traditional values & culture
1882 WNIA gathered 100,000 signatures urge Congress passed out reservation system
Dawes Severtly Act (1887) somewhat helped the Indian situation, Sioux chief argued it was another white trick
Dawes Act undermined tribal sovereignty, religious, scared ceremonies, telling of legends, myths banned, forbidden etc.
Hair fashions changed, “Indian schools” forbade Indian languages, and clothing styles etc.Gov did not help new farmers, land, lost land 1887, reservations , did not scucessd in new life
Dawes Act not reversed until 1934, Congress passed Indian Reorganization Act: aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility.
Got some land and integrated tribe lands back.
The Ghost Dance (18.6.2)
1889 Northern Paiute wovoka had a vision during total eclipse of an from thee Creator
Sioux, among others, elaborated wovokas prophecy into a rebellion of resistance etc.
Ghost Dance, warning, scared local whites, the US 7th cavalry went out dancer hid, great chief of Sioux, Sitting Bull was killed, had been allied with us troops, Great dancer convinced that US gov planed to exterminate them
Dec 29,1890 cold & no horses Big Foot (leader of Ghost Dancers) surrendered white flag, dying of pneumonia
US troops expected them to surrender remainder weapons, one deaf brave misunderstood and fired accidental shot = panic
150 Sioux cut down, 25 soldiers mortally wounded, US shot anything that moved > women & children as they ran for cover
Many injured died in the snow/froze or some were transported
400 (almost) years after Columbus “discovered” the new world for Christian civilization
Seemed to make the final conquest of the continents indigenous peoples.
Endurance and Rejuvenation (18.6.3)
Complying with white offer, tree land, rejected white land did not mean no attack for tribes
The piams of Arizona, fought with US, Christian , spoke English, well-develop agriculture system,a& water system but still had cattle stolen and waterways diverted
Yana tribes in CA gathers, hunters >prostitution, enslave & new diseases
Yahi hid in caves for decade from white settlers to avoid contact
Flatheads, little land, little food, Oct 18981 new reservation, gov took more land = rural poverty
-Tribal identity vanished, work as trades people or farmers, intermarriage Drew Outsiders,
-Office of Indian Affairs (OIA), Southern youth had huge region fishing, hunted, gathered. 1848 started losing land to the US government
-Had to move, gov gave that option, life on reservation under OIA
-Challenged their Egalitarian practices, 1880s and before OIA have lessons for women about domestic household study, woman petitioned against that
-Cheyennes Peru and survived, more land geography a lot, christian, didn’t lose sense of tribal identity, battle Little Bighorn lost but survived
-Navajos went to unoccupied white land, survived Spanish invasion, 1863 300 Mile long walk, crops and fruit burned destroyed
-Preserve some largest Indian nation in US, crops decrease sheep increase food, wool rugs and blankets and jewelry silver and weaving help with their survival and economic gain
-Hopis lived unwanted white land Cliff cities, higher developed theological beliefs, peaceful social system, and sand, Kachina dolls, educate whites and help persuade public supporters and get economic resources to fend farther threats to their reservations
-In Canada and Mexico need a population suffered less pressure from the ones in the United States
-It would take several Generations before Indians over to experienced resurface etc.
centennial exposition
1876, celebrate technological promise
2nd industrial revolution
- 1871-1914, post civil war
- by 1900 us was first in the world for
productivity - protective tariffs on imports/exports
transcontinental railroad linked across
us - assembly line, new machines and
- factory working for faster production
- growing goods promoted the postal
system, created chain companies,
advertising - electricity
vertical integration
busniesses’ controlling every aspect of
production, from raw materials to the produced
goods
- control everything, not have to pay for
supplies
- united fruit company: controlled
plantations and selling
horizontal integration
sherman antitrust act
- trying to outlaw big business to small
business could compete with them, - actually helped unions and helped
business consolation - competitors arent allowed to work
together to change prices and such
gospel of wealth
ustified bad or untruthful acts of businessmen
even when they were shady and unfair
- carinage thought people should use
their wealth for good, he funded
education but also was a bad employer
and caused the pullman strike
- justify their corrupted business ways
minorities in the workforce
- women moved to cities, leaving farms
- aa women worked in domestic jobs
- chinese exclusion act denined chinese
people to immigrate and work in the us - aa people hard time finding labor, many
in the convict workforce - child labor, especially in the south
beginning of factory life
- new industry system wh machines
caused some workers to disregard
traditional ways of production
completely (woodworking) or combined
factory and domestic work (cloth
making) - dangerous work environments, little
federal regulation, child labor, long
hours to make enough money,
depressions and reccesion’s common
knights of labor
- founded in 1864, Pennsylvania
- reform wages
- accepted unskilled workers- women,
minorities - labor organization, very successful and
popular at the start
~eventually got less popular,wage system defeated - supported reforms and hated wage system
- wanted to offset power to industrialists,
have working class power
american federation of labor
- 1886
- accepted wage system
- excluded unskilled, domestic,
immigrant and women workers - bargained for more wages and better work system to get the workers social
mobility - got the illinois factory investigation act to get government regulations for
factories - created labor day
the new south
- henrey grady, wanted to be more like n and w with their urbanization and
manufactoring - s ppl wanted a new south to take
advantage of their raw materials and
use mills, factories connecting them to
the north - less agricultural lifestyle
- n + w investors used the south for morerailroads, resources, tried to beat the s in wealth
- mills were flourishing in the s, north
took over - s mostly sent raw materials to n and w
- reinforced s status as the nations
internal colony
piedmont
region of south virginina, carolinas, and into
north alabama and georgia
- thriving h yarn, cloth mills
mill life
- same as before, small communities
- religious
- mill towns
- homes, schools, no privacy
- social discipline, work hard
cities
- n dustries and factories in cities, often near water
~drawing in many ppl who want to work - immigrants, close ethnic groups,
considered work here very stressful - workers lived in tenements, crowded
and bad - rich ppl lived in mansions or
townhouses
~their areas had better
communal provisions, art
places - new architecture, streets and streetcars, bridges, buildings, elevated trains (prevent death and make room) to follow the growing prosperity of the us
- new sewage systems, didn’t work along with destroying land for places to put waste
gilded age
Era post civil war, favoring growth of a higher
business class that had money and leisure,
national networks, stalks and shared interest in
art, religion, charities and social settings
- mark twain
wealthy
elaborate houses, women controlling social life
showing off wealth, art lovers
middle class (new)
- small business owners/workers
salaried employees who worked for
gov/corporations, clerical jobs - lived in suburbs: towns away from
cities/work
~men traveled to work in cities - women took care of home, new tech to
help them do daily tasks, shopping
became popular, children didnt work - exercise was important, seen as
mentally tough - parks, stadiums, sports teams
(baseball) brought communities
together
working class
- Tenements
- cheaper clothes targeted to them
- couldn’t afford any tech/stuff to help
clean - made garments on the side for extra
$$$ - started to have fun/leisure
education
- needed better education for a better
democracy and as there were more
immigrants coming
~taxes for education, more public schools
~ higher education, research
programs - womens colleges, many went to
vocational schools for nursing or
teaching - business school for boys, high school
preparing them for working - tuskegee: school for aa, vocational
school, al
class tensions
middle class wanted rules for things like parks and public spaces, working class wanted less rules
2nd industrial rev v the 1st
1st- new factories, mechanization, cotton gin, telegraph, boats
2nd- interchangeable parts, assembly line, trains,
electricity and 25 mill + immigrants
5 factors that contributed to the growth of US
industrialization post civil war
- technological innovation:
interchangeable parts, assembly line,
TRAINS - natural resources: new minerals, gold
rush, easy source of capital (where the
$ comes from) - corporatized management: increase
efficacy, - marketing: mass marketing and
advertising for the first time - huge labor force: from immigrants, AA,
outpaced Europeans
womens christian temperance movement
- end consumption/sale of alc
- also supported helping people with
ending homelessness, prison reform
and womens suffrage - there were anti saloon leagues that
banned ac in smaller towns - 18th amendment banned it
prostitution
- social evil
- congress padded a law in 1910 that
permitted deportation of foreign born
prostitues/employers - “white slave traffic”, antiprostitution
ideas, targeted europeans - was a valuable job for girls to have
replaced by callgirls
entertainment
- working class ppl used theater,
amusement parks, playgrounds as
leasiure before movies - national board of censorship made
regulations
education
- schools prioritized respect, authority,
patriotism - used school to help immigrants
assimilate - started school earlier in ages and
ended older - smith hughes act promoted vocational
schools
immigrants in 1900, 1920s
- by 1920 14.5 mill immigrants
- some wanted to return home, kept them going
- forced to buy overpriced stuff from
factories - later got insurances an benefits
- many working in factories, 7 days, bad pay
- living in cities, ghettos
- european
~southern e as well
~ bottom factory jobs
~ driven by agricultural issue, land shortage, better jobs - jews from antisemitism
- canadians to ne mills
- mexicans had seasonal farmers
~ cali or texas - carribean people to NY, made
successful businesses wh education,
shunned by white ppl - japanese went to cali, couldnt become legal citizens
jewish women workers and the triangle shirtwaste factory fire
- lived in ny
- worked in clothing manufacturing, had cramped spaces, on and off working seasons, little pay, hard hours, time=money
- 1909 2 places struke, alligned wh
organizations like womens trade union but got harassed and ended the strikes - Fire in the shirtwatse triangle factroy
company, 145 jewish women trapped
inside and killed - frances perkins + others petioned for a NY commison for factory safety
regulations
company towns
- western mining popular
- forced to buy stuff from the
companies, overpriced - women had to maintain the house,
farm, kids and work - 1913
- workers called for better safety, higher wages and a union. workers had to move to makeshift tents and struke
- bankrupted colordado, govener sent
troops there, shot rang out and 14 ppl
were killed - caused widespread anger towards
rockefeller and the fuel company
AFL
- sub unions that were job specific
- still had skilled workers, very exclusive
- hard time thriving, different sections
made it harder
IWW
- wobbies
- industrial workers of the world
- socialist group (= treatment)
- diverse unskilled workers
- extreme, calling for change
- ended by WW1 wh gov being like they hate america
- popular in pacific nw, mining industries
- colorado strikes made it
other unions
NAM- anti labor unions, open shop/eradicate unions
western fed of miners- stroke because
companies fired labor union workers, conditions were rough in the west
open v closed shop
open shop- favored by owners, dont have to be
in the union, didnt have to be forced to strike/pay 4 union
closed shop- join union
village bohemian
community of artist, writers, activists in greenwitch city ny
- supported laborers
- middle class
- support socialism and anarchy
- changed views on
- freaky
- everyone found a placewomen and
sexuality
womens lives
- mc women, had more time, kids in
school - womens clubs: focused on women
empowerment, new learning, activism, child labor reforms - national consumers league: combining classes, working women, florance kelly
Margaret sanger
- coined the phrase birth control
- nurse, went to europe to learn about
female contraception - wrote abt female sexuality in womens rebel and family limitation, abt womens rights to her body, threatened jail an fled back to europe
- came back to give speeches abt birth
control + clinics and womens rights
african americans
- working agriculturally
- still seen as less than, facing racism
- racist serotypes and characters
- s progressives thought aa was inferior but crucial to the south progressing\
- NAACP
booker t washington
- born as a slave in 1865, from virginia
area - went to hampton u
- founded Tuskegee
- wanted aa to assimilate, be
economically successful, less abt
activism, didnt mind segregation but
secretly donated to not have it
du bois
- grew up N, later, more progressive
- fisk and harvard
- studied how blck ppl lived in america
- wrote souls of black folk
- wanted ppl to fight for their rights,
hated segregation - double conciseness- looking at yourself from others
- talented 10- best 10% black men to
study and prosper - nigeria movement
Theodore Roosevelt
- help the workers wh passing stuff 4
better pay and hours - activist supportive president
- unique president, good speaker
had trusted smart officials help
economy - wanted gov to have power over
business to let them know gov was on
top - reelected in 1904
- pure drug + food act: regulate food and drug stuff, make sure its healthy
~ big business owners in support cause they could afford cleanliness and smaller business couldnt - wanted to apply the monroe docterine, make panama canal:
~ eurpeans busy wh napolean,
not looking at SA countries, helped enforce panama freedom and built the canal
~ british supported, made other
europen countries not at
strong - carry a big stick, imperialism, use army
enviormental saving
- TR saw importance in environment
- pinchot created forest rangers,
conservationist-use nature 4 human
benefit - muir was a preservationist- leave
nature as is - san fransico made a dam near yosmite, conservationist wanted to use the dam for good and won, preservationist were anti
taft
- pres in 1908, more strict, repub
- same policies as tr but bitter
- tr didnt like taft, decided to run again in 1912
- dollar diplomacy-businesses
imperializing, american investments,
boost economy
~ 1st attempt at the railroad in china
wilson
- democrat, won 1912, ppl more
interested in politics again - didnt want to use the army
- made higher taxes to drive down prices
- got involed in mexican wars
16 amendment
congress could levy taxes
underwood simmons act
1913, reduced taxes on wool, sugar, farm machines, shoes, iron, steel
federal reserve act
federal reserve act
diminished power of fed banks + created 12 fed reserve banks
clayton antitrust act
unions cant be illegal
replace sherman act, made unions seem like trusts
federal trade commission
fed gov has control over large corporations
Roosevelt collarly
other countries stay away from south america, dont violate us rights/interst, monroe docterine
17 amendment
vote 4 senators in throu direct priamary elections
