Psychology chapter 6 Flashcards
classical conditioning
A form of associative learning in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus (e.g., a sound) with a biologically relevant stimulus (e.g., food), which results in a change in the response to the previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salivation).
unconditioned response (UR)
A reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned response (CR)
The learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus (US)
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning.
extinction
(1) in classical conditioning, the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together; (2) in operant conditioning, the weakening of an operant response when reinforcement is no longer available.
discrimination
(1) occurs when an operant response is made to one stimulus but not to another, even if the stimuli are similar; (2) behaviour that disfavours or disadvantages members of a certain social group in some way.
learning
A process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of experience
acquisition
The initial phase of learning in which a response is established.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
A once-neutral stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
The reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response, typically after some time has passed since extinction.
generalization
Takes place when an operant response occurs in response to a new stimulus that is similar to the stimulus present during original learning.
conditioned emotional responses
Consist of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation.
conditioned taste aversion
Acquired dislike or disgust for a food or drink because it was paired with illness.
Pavlovian conditioning
A form of associative learning in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus (e.g., a sound) with a biologically relevant stimulus (e.g., food), which results in a change in the response to the previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salivation).
preparedness
The biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli.
applied behaviour analysis
(ABA), which involves using close observation, prompting, and reinforcement to teach behaviours, often to people who experience difficulties and challenges owing to a developmental condition such as autism
variable-interval schedule
the first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time
negative reinforcement
involves the strengthening of a behaviour because it removes or diminishes a stimulus
continuous reinforcement
every response made results in reinforcement
discriminative stimulus
a cue or event that indicates that a response, if made, will be reinforced
law of effect
the idea that responses followed by satisfaction will occur again in the same situation whereas those that are not followed by satisfaction become less likely
shaping
the process of reinforcing successive approximations of a specific operant response
punishment
a process that decreases the future probability of a response
extinction (operant)
the reduction of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together
positive punishment
a process in which a behaviour decreases in frequency because it was followed by a particular, usually unpleasant, stimulus
punisher
a stimulus that is contingent upon a response, and that results in a decrease in behaviour
reinforcer
a stimulus that is contingent upon a response and that increases the probability of that response occurring again
positive reinforcement
the strengthening of behaviour after potential reinforcers such as praise, money, or nourishment follow that behaviour
negative punishment
occurs when a behaviour decreases because it removes or diminishes a particular stimulus
variable-ratio schedule
the number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average
schedules of reinforcement
rules that determine when reinforcement is available
fixed-interval schedule
reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes
primary reinforcer
consist of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs—needs that affect an individual’s ability to survive (and, if possible, reproduce)
avoidance learning
a specific type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur
partial reinforcement effect
refers to a phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than those conditioned under continuous reinforcement
chaining
linking together two or more shaped behaviours into a more complex action or sequence of actions
escape learning
occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present
fixed-ratio schedule
reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
only a certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available
reinforcement
a process in which an event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again
secondary reinforcer
consist of stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effects only after we learn that they have value
generalization (operant)
a process in which a response that originally occurred for a specific stimulus also occurs for different, though similar, stimuli
discrimination (operant)
occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original discriminative stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by consequences
classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)
a form of associative learning in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus (e.g., a sound) with a biologically relevant stimulus (e.g., food), which results in a change in the response to the previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salivation)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a once-neutral stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
discrimination (Pavlovian)
(1) occurs when an operant response is made to one stimulus but not to another, even if the stimuli are similar; (2) behaviour that disfavours or disadvantages members of a certain social group in some way extinction (Pavlovian)
unconditioned response (UR)
a reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
generalization (Pavlovian)
takes place when an operant response occurs in response to a new stimulus that is similar to the stimulus present during original learning
conditioned response (CR)
the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
the reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response, typically after some time has passed since extinction
latent inhibition
occurs when frequent experience with a stimulus before it is paired with a US makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness
acquisition
the initial phase of learning in which a response is established
unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning
preparedness
the biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli
conditioned taste aversion
acquired dislike or disgust for a food or drink because it was paired with illness
conditioned emotional response
consist of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation
