Psychology chapter 5 Flashcards
polysomnography
a set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep
sleep deprivation
occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep
manifest content
the images and storylines that we dream about
preserve and protect hypothesis
suggests that two more adaptive functions of sleep are preserving energy and protecting the organism from harm
nightmares
particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep
narcolepsy
a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks
chronotype
the tendency to prefer sleeping earlier or later in a given 24-hour period
sleep displacement
occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time although she may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual
night terrors
intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state
REM sleep
a stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement, and rapid eye movements (REM)
latent content
the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges
entrainment
when biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light, temperature, or even a clock
somnambulism
(sleepwalking), a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep
consciousness
a person’s subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness
circadian rhythms
internally driven daily cycles of approximately 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioural processes
problem-solving theory
the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake
sleep apnea
a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep (apnea literally translates to “without breathing”)
insomnia
a disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep
restore and repair hypothesis
the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear experienced during the day’s activities
REM behaviour disorder
condition that does not show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep; in fact, they appear to be acting out of the content of their dreams
jet lag
the discomfort a person feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with light and darkness
activation–synthesis hypothesis
suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from the pons, a part of the brainstem
endogenous rhythms
biological rhythms that are generated by our body independent of external cues such as light
brain death
a condition in which the brain, specifically including the brainstem, no longer functions
coma
a state marked by a complete loss of consciousness
social-cognitive theory
explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility
persistent vegetative state
state of minimal to no consciousness in which the patient’s eyes may be open, and the individual will develop sleep–wake cycles without clear signs of consciousness
locked-in syndrome
a disorder in which the patient is aware and awake but, because of an inability to move his or her body, appears unconscious
hypnosis
a procedure of inducing a heightened state of suggestibility
mind-wandering
an unintentional redirection of attention from one’s current task to an unrelated train of thought
minimally conscious state (MCS)
a disordered state of consciousness marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest at least partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis
dissociation theory
explains hypnosis as a unique state in which consciousness is divided into two parts: a lower-level system involved with perception and movement and an “executive” system that evaluates and monitors these behaviours
default mode network
a network of brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, and medial and lateral regions of the parietal lobe that is most active when an individual is awake but not responding to external stimuli
tolerance
when repeated use of a drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect
sedative drugs
sometimes referred to as “downers,” depress activity of the central nervous system
psychedelics
substances that produce perceptual distortions
physical dependence
the need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms
hallucinogenic drugs
also known as psychedelics, are substances that produce perceptual distortions
marijuana
a drug comprising the leaves and buds of the Cannabis plant that produces a combination of hallucinogenic, stimulant, and relaxing (narcotic) effect
ecstasy (MDMA)
a drug that is typically classified as a stimulant, but also has hallucinogenic effects
salvia divinorum
an herb that grows in Central and South America. When smoked or chewed, salvia induces highly intense but short-lived hallucinations
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
a laboratory-made (synthetic) drug that triggers unusual sensory experiences
psychological dependence
occurs when emotional need for a drug develops without any underlying physical dependence
opiates
(also called narcotics) are drugs such as heroin and morphine that reduce pain and induce extremely intense feelings of euphoria
stimulants
a category of drugs that speed up the activity of the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness
psychoactive drugs
substances that affect thinking, behaviour, perception, and emotion
