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Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

biopscyhosocial model

A

a means of explaining behaviour as a product of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured

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3
Q

principle of parsimony

A

the simplest of all competing explanations (the most “parsimonious”) of a phenomenon should be the one we accept

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4
Q

scientific literacy

A

the ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information

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5
Q

scientific method

A

a way of learning about the world through collecting observations, developing theories to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions

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6
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of behaviour, thought, and experience, and how they can be affected by physical, mental, social, and environmental factors

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7
Q

pseudoscience

A

an idea that is presented as science but does not actually utilize basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure
Relies on peoples lack of scientific knowledge
Use big words to confuse people

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8
Q

falsifiable

A

the hypothesis is precise enough that it could be proven false

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9
Q

principle of parsimony

A

the simplest of all competing explanations (the most “parsimonious”) of a phenomenon should be the one we accept

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10
Q

critical thinking

A

involves exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others, and with our own assumptions and beliefs

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11
Q

empiricism

A

a philosophical tenet that knowledge comes through experience
means that knowledge about the world is based on careful observation, not on common sense or speculation

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12
Q

localization of brain function

A

the idea that certain parts of the brain control specific mental abilities and personality characteristics

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13
Q

psychoanalysis

A

a psychological approach that attempts to explain how behaviour and personality are influenced by unconscious processes

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14
Q

dualism

A

the belief that there are properties of humans that are not material (the mind and brain are 2 different things)

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15
Q

materialism

A

the belief that humans, and other living beings, are composed exclusively of physical matter (including humans) and all events that occur in the universe are cause by natural forces (including human behaviour)
Accepting this idea would mean that we are nothing more than complex machines that lack a self-conscious, self-controlling soul

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16
Q

zeitgeist

A

means spirit of times
refers to a general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history
can be used to understand why some ideas take off immediately, whereas other perfectly good ideas may go unnoticed for years

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17
Q

nature and nurture relationships

A

the inquiry into how heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) influence behaviour and mental processes

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18
Q

Scientist:

A

aperson who carefully follows a system of observing, predicting, and testingisconducting science, whether the subject matter is chemicals, physiology, human memory, or social interactions.

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19
Q

theory

A

is an explanation for a broad range of observations that also generates new hypotheses and integrates numerous findings into a coherent whole.

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20
Q

Determinism

A

is the belief that all events are governed by lawful, cause-and-effect relationships
all behaviour has a cause and is thus predictable

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21
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world.

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22
Q

clinical psychology

A

the field of psychology that concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

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23
Q

localization of brain function

A

the idea that certain parts of the brain control specific mental abilities and personality characteristics

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24
Q

What are the overarching goals of psychology?

A

• to understand how different brain structures work together to produce our behavior
• to understand how nature (genetics) and nurture (our upbringing and environment) interact to make us who we are
• to understand how previous experiences influence how we think and act
• to understand how groups—family, culture, and crowds—affect the individual
• to understand how feelings of control can influence happiness and health
to understand how each of these factors can influence our well-being and could contribute to psychological disorders

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25
Q

What are the perspectives that psychology is examined from?

A

○ biological
○ Sociocultural
cognitive (thinking)

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26
Q

What can Psychology help?

A

you see the world in a different way

understand whyother peoplebehave the way they do

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27
Q

falsifiable

A

the hypothesis is precise enough that it could be proven false

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28
Q

scientifically literate

A

means that you will be able to read and interpret new terminology, or know where to go to find out more.

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29
Q

What are the four different skills involving Scientific literacy?

A

gathering knowledge about the world, explaining it using scientific terms and concepts, thinking critically, and applying this knowledge to relevant, real-world situations.

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30
Q

What are the steps of critical thinking?

A

(1) being curious, (2) examining evidence, (3) examining assumptions and biases, (4) avoiding emotional thinking, (5) tolerating ambiguity, and (6) considering alternative viewpoints.

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31
Q

Hippocrates

A

460–370 BCE)

○ developed the world’s first personality classification scheme

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32
Q

Galen of Pergamon

A

127–217 CE)
○ the greatest of the ancient Roman physicians
○ refined Hippocrates’s more general work

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33
Q

What is behaviour determined by?

A 
While we certainly feel as if we are in control of our own behaviours—that is, we sense that we have free will
• psychologists recognize that
	○  internal 
		→ Genes
		→ brain chemistry
	○ External
		→ Cultural influences.
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34
Q

Psychological science is both

A

both empirical and deterministic

35
Q

What did Ancient Greeks believe?

A

Ancient Greeks believed that fourhumoursor fluids flowed throughout the body and influenced both health and personality

36
Q

What were the 4 humors?

A 
• These four humours included: 
	○ Blood
	○ yellow bile
	○ black bile
	○ Phlegm
• Different combinations of these four humours were thought to lead to specific moods and behaviours
37
Q

Galen’s four temperaments

A

• Galen’s four temperaments (each related to a humour) included:
○ Sanguine(blood), a tendency to be impulsive, pleasure-seeking, and charismatic
○ Choleric(yellow bile), a tendency to be ambitious, energetic, and a bit aggressive
○ Melancholic(black bile), a tendency to be independent, a perfectionistic, and a bit introverted
○ Phlegmatic(phlegm), a tendency to be quiet, relaxed, and content with life.

38
Q

How long did it take psychology to become scientific?

A

Took psychology until the late 1800s to become scientific

39
Q

What was the first recorded linking of biology and behaviours?

A

ancient Egyptian doctors noticed that damage to different brain areas led to vastly different impairments

40
Q

What did Galen of Pergamon suggest?

A

suggested that the four humours combined to createtemperaments, or emotional and personality characteristics that remained stable throughout the lifetime

41
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

1801–1887
studied sensation and perception
physicist
coined the term psychophysics

42
Q

Charles Darwin

A

(1809–1882)
noticed that animal groups that were isolated from one another often differed by only minor variations in physical features
These variations seemed to fine-tune the species according to the particular environment in which they lived, making them better equipped for survival and reproduction

43
Q

natural selection

A

genetically inherited traits that contribute to survival and reproductive success are more likely to flourish within the breeding population (i.e., useful traits will be passed on to future generations)
These specific traits differ across locations because different traits will prove beneficial in different environments

44
Q

Franz Gal and Johann Spurzheim

A

came up with Phrenology,

45
Q

Phrenology

A

believed that the brain consisted of 27 “organs,” related to mental traits and dispositions that could be detected by examining the surface of the skull
different traits and abilities were distributed across different regions of the brain
Ex: “combativeness” was located at the back of the brain behind the ears
If a person possessed a particular trait or ability, then the brain area related to that characteristic would be larger
Larger brain areas would cause bumps on a person’s head
by measuring the bumps on a person’s head, proponents of phrenology believed that it would be possible to identify the different traits that an individual possessed.

46
Q

What 2 ways was localization studied in?

A

Phrenology, the study of brain injuries and the ways in which they affect behaviour

47
Q

Franz Mesmer

A

an 18th-century Austrian physician practicing in Paris
believed that prolonged exposure to magnets could redirect the flow of metallic fluids in the body, thereby curing disease and insanity
placebo effect

48
Q

hysterical paralysis

A

a condition in which an individual loses feeling and control in a specific body part, despite the lack of any known neurological damage or disease

49
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Austrian physician

developed psychoanalysis

50
Q

What was the legacy of Sigmud Freud?

A

a. many modern psychologists make inferences about unconscious mental activity, just as Freud had advocated
b. the use of medical ideas to treat disorders of emotions, thought, and behaviour
c. incorporated evolutionary thinking into his work
d. placed great emphasis on how early life experiences influence our behaviour as adults

51
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

influential in the study of individual differences between people
noticed that great achievement tended to run in families
one of the first investigators to scientifically take on the question of nature and nurture relationships,

52
Q

eminence

A

combination of ability, morality, and achievement

53
Q

eugenics

A

“good genes.

54
Q

What did Galton promote?

A

eugenics movement
promoted the belief that social programs should encourage intelligent, talented individuals to have children, whereas criminals, those with physical or mental disability, and non-White races should not receive such encouragement
was based largely on what the researchers wanted to believe was true, not on quality research methods

55
Q

Galton

A

came to believe that heredity (genetics) could explain the physical and psychological differences found in a population
it seemed natural that people who did better in scholarship, business, and wealth were able to do so because they were better people (genetically speaking).
To support his beliefs, developed ways of measuring what he called eminence—a combination of ability, morality, and achievement
One observation supporting his claim for a hereditary basis for eminence was that the closer a relative, the more similar the traits
one of the first investigators to scientifically take on the question of nature and nurture relationships,
the inquiry into how heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) influence behaviour and mental processes
came down decidedly on the nature side, ignoring the likelihood that nurturing influences such as upbringing and family traditions, rather than biological endowments, could explain similarities among relatives

56
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

father of experimental psychology
largely responsible for establishing psychology as an independent scientific field
established the first laboratory dedicated to studying human behaviour
primary research method was introspection

57
Q

structuralism

A

an attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements, and to understand how these elements work together

58
Q

functionalism

A

the study of the purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience.

59
Q

What did Edward Titchener believe?

A

believed that mental experiences were made up of a limited number of sensations, which were analogous to elements in physics and chemistry
different sensations can form and create complex compounds, just like hydrogen and oxygen can combine to form water

60
Q

Edward Titchener

A

adopted the same method of introspection used by Wundt to devise an organized map of the structure of human consciousness
His line of research, structuralism

61
Q

William James

A

influenced by Darwin’s evolutionary principles; he preferred to examine behaviour in context and explain how our thoughts and actions help us adapt to our environment
led to the development of functionalism,

62
Q

According to functionalists

A

in order to fully understand a behaviour, one must try to figure out what purpose it may have served over the course of our evolution.

63
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

an approach that interprets and explains modern human behaviour in terms of forces acting upon our distant ancestors
According to this approach, our brains and behaviours have been shaped by the physical and social environment that our ancestors encountered

64
Q

behaviourism

A

an approach that dominated the first half of the 20th century of North American psychology and had a singular focus on studying only observable behaviour, with little to no reference to mental events or instincts as possible influences on behaviour.

65
Q

radical behaviourism

A

the foundation of behaviour was how an organism responded to rewards and punishments

66
Q

social psychology

A

the study of the influence of other people on our behaviour

67
Q

personality psychology

A

the study of how different personality characteristics can influence how we think and act.

68
Q

social psychology

A

the study of the influence of other people on our behaviour

69
Q

personality psychology

A

the study of how different personality characteristics can influence how we think and act.

70
Q

humanistic psychology

A

focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human, each person’s freedom to act, his or her rational thought, and the belief that humans are fundamentally different from other animals.
founded by carl rogers

71
Q

Cross-cultural psychology

A

is the field that draws comparisons about individual and group behaviour among cultures; it helps us understand the role of society in shaping behaviour, beliefs, and values.

72
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

an approach emphasizing that psychologists need to focus on the whole of perception and experience, rather than its parts

73
Q

cognitive psychology

A

a modern psychological perspective that focuses on processes such as memory, thinking, and language

74
Q

Human factors psychologists

A

help to ensure that our interactions with technologies ranging from computer programs to airplane cockpits are intuitive and efficient

75
Q

Hebb’s Law

A

demonstrated that memory—a behaviour that we can measure and that affects so many parts of our lives—is actually related to activity occurring at the cellular level
It also reinforced the notion that behaviour can be studied at a number of levels ranging from neurons (brain cells) to the entire brain.

76
Q

What are common misconceptions about theories

A

Theories are not the same as opinions or beliefs.
All theories are not equally plausible
The quality of a theory is not related to the number of people who believe it to be true.

77
Q

Ways to critically approach claims made by others

A 
Be curious  
Consider the type and source of evidence  
Consider assumptions and biases  
Avoid emotional thinking  
Get comfortable with uncertainty  
Consider alternative perspectives
78
Q

What are the 2 key beliefs that psychology stems from?

A

Empiricism

Determinism

79
Q

How does Darwin’s theory also help to explain human (and animal) behavior?

A

behavior is shaped by natural selection, just as physical traits are
a certain range of behaviors helped our ancestors survive and reproduce
The modern behaviors that we engage in every day—memory, emotions, forming social bonds, and so on—were the same behaviors that allowed our ancestors to flourish over the course of our species’ history. The same principle applies to other species as well.
Darwin’s recognition that behaviors, like physical traits, are subject to hereditary influences and natural selection was a major contribution to psychology

80
Q

What did Sigmud Freud believe?

A

Acknowledged that conscious experience includes perceptions, thoughts, a sense of self, and the sense that we are in control of ourselves
also believed in an unconscious mind that contained forgotten episodes from early childhood as well as urges to fulfill self-serving sexual and aggressive impulses
proposed that because these urges were unconscious, they could exert influence in strange ways, such as restricting the use of a body part
believed hypnosis played a valuable role in his work. When a person is hypnotized, dreaming, or perhaps medicated into a trancelike state, he thought, the psychoanalyst could have more direct access into the individual’s unconscious mind

81
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

which combines elements of cognitive psychology and biopsychology

82
Q

Applied psychology

A

can take place in schools, in the workplace, in the military, or in a number of other settings

83
Q

industrial/organizational psychologists

A

apply psychological research to the workplace, helping to ensure that the work environment is fair for all employees.

Psych 1200 (6 decks)

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