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First Year Second Semester > Psychology Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Social psychology

A

The study of the causes and consequences of sociality

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2
Q

Aggression

A

Behaviour whose purpose is to harm another

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3
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

A principle stating that animals aggress when their goals are frustrated

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4
Q

Cooperation

A

Behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

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5
Q

Group

A

A collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

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6
Q

Prejudice

A

A positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership

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7
Q

Common knowledge effect

A

The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share

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8
Q

Group polarization

A

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone

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9
Q

Groupthink

A

The tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony

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10
Q

Deindividuation

A

A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values

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11
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

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12
Q

Social loafing

A

The tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone

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13
Q

Bystander intervention

A

The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

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14
Q

Altruism

A

Behaviour that benefits another without benefiting oneself

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15
Q

Kin selection

A

The process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

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16
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

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17
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

The tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

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18
Q

Passionate love

A

An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

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19
Q

Companionate love

A

An experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well being

20
Q

Comparison level

A

The cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship

21
Q

Equity

A

A state of affairs in which the cost - benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal

22
Q

Social influence

A

The ability to change or direct another person’s behaviour

23
Q

Norms

A

Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture

24
Q

Norm of reciprocity

A

The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefitted them

25
Q

Normative influence

A

A phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is appropriate

26
Q

Door-in-the-face technique

A

An influence strategy that involves getting someone to deny an initial request

27
Q

Conformity

A

The tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it

28
Q

Obedience

A

The tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do

29
Q

Attitude

A

An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

30
Q

Belief

A

An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event

31
Q

Informational influence

A

A phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is true

32
Q

Persuasion

A

A phenomenon that occurs when a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

33
Q

Systematic persuasion

A

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

34
Q

Heuristic persuasion

A

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

35
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

A

A technique that involves making a small request and following it with a larger request

36
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs

37
Q

Social cognition

A

The process by which people come to understand others

38
Q

Stereotyping

A

The process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong

39
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

The tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave

40
Q

Stereotype threat

A

The fear of confirming the negative beliefs that others may hold

41
Q

Perceptual confirmation

A

The tendency for people to see what they expect to see

42
Q

Subtyping

A

The tendency for people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them

43
Q

Attribution

A

An inference about the cause of a person’s behaviour

44
Q

Correspondence bias

A

The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when we should instead make a situational attribution

45
Q

Actor-observer effect

A

The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others

First Year Second Semester (14 decks)

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