Psychology Chapter 13 Flashcards
Social psychology
The study of the causes and consequences of sociality
Aggression
Behaviour whose purpose is to harm another
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
A principle stating that animals aggress when their goals are frustrated
Cooperation
Behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit
Group
A collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others
Prejudice
A positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership
Common knowledge effect
The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share
Group polarization
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone
Groupthink
The tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony
Deindividuation
A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values
Diffusion of responsibility
The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
Social loafing
The tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone
Bystander intervention
The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation
Altruism
Behaviour that benefits another without benefiting oneself
Kin selection
The process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives
Reciprocal altruism
Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future
Mere exposure effect
The tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure
Passionate love
An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction
Companionate love
An experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well being
Comparison level
The cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship
Equity
A state of affairs in which the cost - benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal
Social influence
The ability to change or direct another person’s behaviour
Norms
Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture
Norm of reciprocity
The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefitted them
Normative influence
A phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is appropriate
Door-in-the-face technique
An influence strategy that involves getting someone to deny an initial request
Conformity
The tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
Obedience
The tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do
Attitude
An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event
Belief
An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event
Informational influence
A phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is true
Persuasion
A phenomenon that occurs when a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person
Systematic persuasion
The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason
Heuristic persuasion
The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion
Foot-in-the-door technique
A technique that involves making a small request and following it with a larger request
Cognitive dissonance
An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs
Social cognition
The process by which people come to understand others
Stereotyping
The process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave
Stereotype threat
The fear of confirming the negative beliefs that others may hold
Perceptual confirmation
The tendency for people to see what they expect to see
Subtyping
The tendency for people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them
Attribution
An inference about the cause of a person’s behaviour
Correspondence bias
The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when we should instead make a situational attribution
Actor-observer effect
The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others
