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First Year Second Semester > Biology Final > Flashcards

Biology Final Flashcards

1
Q

Population structure

A

Defined by patterns of mortality, age distributions, sex ratios, dispersal.

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2
Q

Suvivorship curve

A

Summarizes pattern of survival in a population

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3
Q

Life tables

A

Bookkeeping device to track births, survivorship, and deaths in populations

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4
Q

Cohort life table

A

Identify individuals born at same time and keep records from birth (easy to interpret, but often difficult or impossible to collect these data)

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5
Q

Static life table

A

Record age at death of many individuals over narrow window in time (requires accurate estimate of age at death)

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6
Q

Age distribution

A

Calculate difference in proportion of individuals in each age class (assumes differences in numbers from one age class to next due to mortality and assumes population stable in size)

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7
Q

Sex ratio

A

Relative frequency of each sex type in population.

Empirically, find most populations have sex ratio near 1:1

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8
Q

BIDE

A 
Birth -any process that produces new individuals in the 
population 
Death
Immigration into population.
Emigration out of population.
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9
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

Influenced by population density (e.g. competitors, predators, disease)

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10
Q

Density independence factors

A

Do not vary with population density. e.g., floods, extreme temperatures

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11
Q

Fecundity schedule

A

Birthrates for females of different ages

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12
Q

Net reproductive rate (R0)

A

Average number of offspring produced by an individual in a population per generation

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13
Q

Generation time

A

Average age at which female gives birth to offspring (i.e. time it takes to go from seed to seed or egg to egg)

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14
Q

Logistic population growth

A

Exponential growth curve modified to include biotic limitations on population growth

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15
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Among members of the same species

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16
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Among members of two species

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17
Q

Resource limitation

A

Limited resources, space, etc. leads to interference competition and exploitative competition

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18
Q

Interference competition

A

Direct aggressive interaction between individuals

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19
Q

Exploitative competition

A

Competition to secure resources first

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20
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

Complete competitors cannot coexist

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21
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Range of conditions under which species can survive

22
Q

Realized niche

A

Range of conditions under which species typically found

23
Q

Character displacement

A

Competition between species living together (sympatry) can evolve differences between them, though they are nearly identical living apart (allopatry)

24
Q

Exploitation

A

Interaction between populations that enhances fitness of one individual while reducing fitness of the exploited individual

25
Q

Herbivores

A

Consume live plant material but usually do not kill plants

26
Q

Predators

A

Kill and consume other organisms

27
Q

Constitutive (plant defenses)

A

Produced continuously, regardless of environment

28
Q

Induced (plant defenses)

A

Increase rapidly in response to herbivore damage

29
Q

Consumptive effects

A

Direct effects of predation on prey populations through capture and consumption of prey

30
Q

Non-consumptive effects

A

Changes as consequence of predator presence, even when prey not killed (e.g. high blood cortisol levels known to increase with stress and shifts in morphological traits, stress-physiology, altered behaviour)

31
Q

Aposematic colouration

A

Bright colouration in prey that advertises fact prey have toxin or are distasteful in some way

32
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

Several species of toxic/noxious animals share similar warning colouration. This can enhance learning by predators, thereby reducing predator risk for mimics

33
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

Nontoxic species exhibits colouration similar to that of noxious species living in same area

34
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

Organisms which benefit one another live in close proximity to each other

35
Q

Mutualism

A

Interactions between individuals of different species that benefit both partners

36
Q

Facultative mutualism

A

Species does not require mutualistic partner for survival

37
Q

Obligate mutualism

A

Species is dependent on mutualistic relationship

38
Q

Disease

A

Atypical condition in living organism that cause some sort of physiological impairment

39
Q

Community

A

Association of interacting species inhabiting some defined area

40
Q

Community structure

A

Includes attributes such as number of species, relative species abundance, and species diversity

41
Q

Guild

A

Group of organisms that make a living in similar way

42
Q

Species diversity

A

A combination of the number of species and their relative abundance

43
Q

Species richness

A

The number of species found within a community is one of the most fundamental aspects of community structure

44
Q

Alpha diversity

A

Measure of local diversity

45
Q

Beta diversity

A

Measure of the differences among communities within the region or landscape

46
Q

Gamma diversity

A

Measure of regional or landscape diversity

47
Q

Dominance

A

One or a few species are substantially more abundant than other species in community

48
Q

Species richness

A

Number of species in the community

49
Q

Species evenness

A

Relative abundance of species. Can be thought of inverse of dominance

50
Q

Ecological services

A

Processes and resources of value to humans provided

by ecological systems. These processes and resources are typically called ecological functions

51
Q

Ecosystem function

A

Process within an ecosystem such as biomass production, nutrient cycling, or carbon sequestration. If function is diminished, so too is the quality of the service

First Year Second Semester (14 decks)

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