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First Year Second Semester > Psychology Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Developental psychology

A

The study of continuity and change across the life span

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2
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

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3
Q

Germinal stage

A

The 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception

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4
Q

Embryonic stage

A

The period of prenatal development that lasts from the 2nd week until about the 8th week

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5
Q

Fetal stage

A

The prenatal development that lasts from the 9th week until birth

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6
Q

Myelination

A

The formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

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7
Q

Teratogens

A

Any substances that pass from mother to unborn child and impair development

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8
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

A developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

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9
Q

Infancy

A

The stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months

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10
Q

Motor development

A

The emergence of the ability to execute physical action

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11
Q

Motor reflexes

A

Specific motor responses that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

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12
Q

Cephalocaudal rule

A

The “top-to-bottom” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

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13
Q

Proximodistal rule

A

The “inside-to-outside” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the centre to the periphery

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14
Q

Cognitive development

A

The process by which infants and children gain the ability to think and understand

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15
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

A stage of cognitive development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy, during which infants aquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it

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16
Q

Schemas

A

Theories about the way the world works

17
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations

18
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

19
Q

Object permanence

A

The fact that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

20
Q

Childhood

A

The stage of development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until adolescence, which begins between 11 and 14 years

21
Q

Preoperational stage

A

The stage of cognitive development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, during which children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world

22
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

The stage of cognitive development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, during which children learn how various actions, or operations, can affect or transform concrete objects

23
Q

Conservation

A

The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance

24
Q

Formal operational stage

A

The final stage of cognitive development that begins around the age of 11, during which children learn to reason about abstract concepts

25
Q

Egocentrism

A

The failure to understand that the world appears different to different people

26
Q

Theory of mind

A

The understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behaviour

27
Q

Attachment

A

The emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers

28
Q

Strange Situation

A

A behavioural test that is used to determine a child’s attachment style

29
Q

Temperaments

A

Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity

30
Q

Internal working model of relationships

A

A set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them

31
Q

Preconventional stage

A

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

32
Q

Conventional stage

A

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

33
Q

Postconventional stage

A

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

34
Q

Adolescence

A

The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18 to 21 years of age)

35
Q

Puberty

A

The onset of bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

36
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction

37
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction

First Year Second Semester (14 decks)

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