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First Year Second Semester > Biology Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Biology Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Water relations

A

How organisms maintain water balance

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2
Q

Water potential

A

Water’s potential energy or its ability to do work

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3
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Moves water up from the soil into the crown of the tree

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4
Q

Ψ humidity

A

Water vapour pressure

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5
Q

Ψmatric

A

Matric pressure

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6
Q

Water use efficiency

A

Biomass of plant tissue produced per gram of water used

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7
Q

Wi

A

Internal water

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8
Q

Regulating internal water

A

Aquatic organisms regulate internal water, by balancing water gain against water loss

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9
Q

Trophic (feeding) biology

A

Grouping organisms by the means by which organisms obtain energy

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10
Q

Autotrophs

A

(self-feeders) use inorganic sources of both carbon and energy

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11
Q

Photosynthetic autotrophs

A

Use CO2as a source of carbon and solar radiation in the form of light as a source of energy (plants, photosynthetic protists and photosynthetic bacteria)

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12
Q

Chemosynthetic autotrophs

A

Use inorganic molecules as a source of carbon and energy

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13
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that use organic molecules as a source of carbon and as a source of energy (bacteria, fungi, protists, animals, parasitic plants)

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14
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Use light energy to produce ATP

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15
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Have cells with no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles, include both bacteria and the archaea
Most trophically diverse organisms in the biosphere

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16
Q

Archaea

A

Are chemically and genetically more similar to eukaryotes than to bacteria, but are distinguished from bacteria on the basis of structural, physiological, and other biological features

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17
Q

Protists

A

Either photosynthetic or heterotrophic (single celled)

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18
Q

Photons

A

(particles of light) bear a finite quantity of energy

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19
Q

Longer wavelengths

A

Carry less energy than shorter wavelengths, like visible and ultraviolet light

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20
Q

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

A

Visible light is better referred to as photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) and contains wavelengths of solar radiation between about 400 and 700 nm

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21
Q

Photon flux density (PFD)

A

Number of photons striking a square metre surface each second, used to measure PAR

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22
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A

“regular photosynthesis” In the photosynthetic pathway, the CO2 first combines with a five-carbon compound. The product of this initial reaction, which is catalyzed by the enzyme RUBISCO, is two molecules, each a three-carbon acid

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23
Q

C4 photosynthesist

A

Carbon fixation and the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in separate cells.

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24
Q

Photorespiration

A

RuBP is partly broken down in this process and a CO2 molecule is released from the plant

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25
Q

CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) photosynthesis

A

Largely limited to succulent plants in arid and semiarid
environments.
CAM plants fix carbon by combining CO2with PEP to form four-carbon acids

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26
Q

RUBISCO

A

Has low affinity for CO2

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27
Q

Ecological stoichiometry

A

Concerns the balance of multiple chemical elements in

ecological interactions

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28
Q

Detritivores

A

Feeds on nonliving organic matter

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29
Q

Herbivores

A

Eats living plants

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30
Q

Carnivores

A

Mainly eat living animals

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31
Q

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)

A

How much plants can grow per unit of N with strong selection on plants to increase `NEU

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32
Q

Omnivores

A

Gain energy from, and regularly consume, both plant and animal matter

33
Q

Mixotrophs

A

Species able to gain energy both from photosynthesis and from consuming organic or inorganic compounds (e.g. some algae, bacteria and protist species)

34
Q

Optimal foraging theory

A

If energy supplies are limited, organisms cannot simultaneously maximize all of life’s functions. There will be a trade-off of time allocation for most organisms; compromises between competing demands

35
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Fitness is determined by individual survival and reproduction plus the survival and reproduction of individuals with whom the individual shares genes

36
Q

Kin selection

A

Under some conditions, individuals can increase their inclusive fitness by helping increase the survival and reproduction of genetic relatives that are not offspring

37
Q

Altruistic act

A

An act that benefits the recipient but harms the donor, which should not be common in nature, yet, as an example, some red squirrels have been known to adopt the offspring of related squirrels

38
Q

Group selection

A

Argues that individuals may act counter to their own personal interests for betterment of the group

39
Q

Multilevel selection

A

Evidence has accumulated demonstrating group selection can occur in some special circumstances. It has been rebranded under the term “multilevel selection”

40
Q

Coefficient of relationship

A

Can be determined for any two individuals. It will be 25% between grandparent and grandchild, 12.5% between great-grandparent and great-grandchild, 50% between full siblings, and 25% between half-siblings. There is a reduction of 50% in the coefficient in relationship for every additional connection between any two related individuals

41
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

Individuals do not have to be related to each other for altruism to be evolutionarily stable. This model is based upon recognition and experience and is also called “tit-for-tat.”

42
Q

Sociality

A

Group living and cooperation

43
Q

Eusociality

A

Includes three major characteristics:

  1. individuals of more than one generation living together,
  2. cooperative care of young,
  3. division of individuals into sterile, or nonreproductive, and reproductive castes
44
Q

Cooperative breeders

A

Live in groups, with many adults cooperating during the process of producing and/or rearing offspring. Such cooperation extends to offspring that are not their own (e.g. wolf, some birds, African lion)

45
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Individual is able to perform both male and female reproductive functions

46
Q

Instantaneous hermaphrodites

A

Perform male and female function at the same time

47
Q

Sequential hermaphrodites

A

Individual changes sex

48
Q

Mating systems

A

Social, sexual structure of a population

49
Q

Social monogamy

A

One male and one female will share and rear any offspring produced by that female

50
Q

Genetic monogamy

A

When genes, not social and behavioral norms, dictate the practice of monogamy

51
Q

Promiscuity

A

May have multiple sexual partners

52
Q

Polygyny

A

One male mates with multiple females while each female mates (putatively) with just one male (most vertebrates)

53
Q

Polyandry

A

One female mates with multiple males while each male mates (putatively) with just one female (species of diverse taxa)

54
Q

Polygynandry

A

Groups of multiple males and multiple females mate with each other (rare –some primates)

55
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics

A

Characteristics of males or females not directly involved in the process of reproduction (e.g. colours, ornaments)

56
Q

Sexual selection

A

Process of sexual selection resulting from differences in reproductive rates among individuals as a result of differences in their mating success

57
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Individuals of one sex compete among themselves for mates

58
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Members of one sex consistently choose mates from among members of the opposite sex on the basis of some particular trait

59
Q

Niche

A

For each species there will be a limited set of conditions

suitable for growth and reproduction

60
Q

Principle of allometric scaling, or (allometry)

A

Study of scaling between body size and variousbiological functions, including shape, anatomy, physiology and behaviour

61
Q

Fecundity

A

Number of offspring produced by an organism

62
Q

Ruderals

A

Plants that live in highly disturbed habitats and may depend on disturbance to persist in the face of potential competition from other plants

63
Q

Disturbance

A

Any mechanisms or processes that limit plants by destroying plant biomass

64
Q

Realized niche

A

Refers to more restricted conditions of an organism’s niche

65
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Represents the maximal niche size of an organism, while the realized niche will be smaller

66
Q

Phenology

A

Study of the timing of events in an organism’s life (e.g. when leaves flush out, when offspring are born, when hibernation begins)

67
Q

Population

A

Group of potentially interbreeding individuals of

a single species inhabiting a specific area

68
Q

Population density

A

Can be absolute density or ecological density

69
Q

Absolute density

A

Is what most scientists refer to when they simply say “density”; number of individuals of a population per unit area

70
Q

Ecological density

A

Incorporates the concept of the niche, in that not all of the conditions found within a given area will contain the niche requirements of a particular species. The ecological density would be the number of individuals per unit of suitable habitat

71
Q

Immigration

A

Movement into a population

72
Q

Emigration

A

Movement out of a population

73
Q

Migration

A

The seasonal movement of individuals from one location to another

74
Q

Dispersal

A

Permanent exodus from one population into another

75
Q

Expanding populations

A

Those in the process of increasing their geographic range

76
Q

Metapopulation

A

Group of subpopulations living in patches connected by exchange of individuals

77
Q

Random distribution

A

Individuals within a population have an equal chance of living anywhere within an area

78
Q

Regular distribution

A

Individuals are uniformly spaced

79
Q

Clumped distribution

A

Individuals have a much higher probability of being found in some areas than in others

First Year Second Semester (14 decks)

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