Psychology Ch. 9 Flashcards
The view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings
Storm-and-stress
The most important marker of adolescence, but will end far before adolescents does
Puberty
A period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence
Puberty
The most noticeable changes among adolescence during puberty is..
Sexual maturation
Increase in height
Increase in weight
Puberty can be thought of as ______, while adolescence can be thought of as ______
Puberty: physiological
Adolescence: emotional & cognitive
To be covered with hair
Pubscere
The large period when gradual change occurs starts at about age..
10-12
The large period when gradual change occurs will end at about age..
18-22
In females, the first menstruation is referred to as..
Menarche
Menarche occurs at about age..
12 1/2
In males, the first ejaculation is referred to as..
Semenarche
Semenarche occurs at about age..
13
This physiological development gives adolescence the ability to reproduce..
Puberty
During early adolescence, girls tend to be ______ & _____ but boys eventually catch up or surpass
Girls tend to be taller and out-weigh boys
Boys tend to catch up in height and weight by about age..
14
The growth spurt occurs approximately ___ years sooner for girls than boys
2
During the growth spurt, girls increase by _____ inches a year
3 1/2
During the growth spurt, boys increase by _____ inches a year
4
The term used for the very early onset and rapid progression of puberty
Precocious puberty
Powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the blood stream
Hormones
The endocrine systems role in puberty involves..
Hypothalamus
Pituitary glands
Gonads
The structure in the brain that monitors eating and sex
Hypothalamus
An important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands like the gonads
Pituitary glands
The testes in males
The ovaries in females
Particularly important in giving rise to pubertal changes
Gonads
Puberty starts with the _______ glands
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands sit..
On top of your kidneys
The sex hormone in the adrenal glands that takes part in body hair and oil secretion
Adrenal androgen (adrenaline)
In the tanner stages, puberty takes place during stages..
2-5
It takes girls _____ years to go through the stages
4-5
It takes boys ____ years to go through the stages
3
It is important to know that precocious puberty is NOT..
Just early puberty
Precocious puberty would be before the age of ___ in girls and ____ in boys
Girls: before 8
Boys: before 9
Because Dr.’s don’t want puberty to start too early, they will..
Put a break on it (or stop the puberty) and then release it at an appropriate time
While opinions on early puberty for boys are mixed, early puberty for girls is bad for these reasons..
Depression Anxiety Low self esteem Suicidal HPV Eating disorder Academic difficulties Delinquency Teen pregnancy Obesity
What is the early puberty difficulty hypothesis about girls
Maturation disparity hypothesis
The hypothesis about girls getting the wrong attention from early puberty and having bad spin off effects from it
For example: depression
Maturation disparity hypothesis
What are some developmental changes aside from height and weight during adolescence
Muscles
Eyes (myopia->nearsited->glasses)
Brain (cognitive skills such as thinking, planning, reasoning..are still developing)
What are the primary sex characteristics
The development of the gonads
What are the secondary sex characteristics
The things that happen because of the gonads (periods/ejaculation)
When the brain cells that are being used during adolescence stay active throughout life, but the neural connections that are not being used will slowly fade
Pruning (use it or loose it)
Factors that can influence puberty starting earlier and earlier in different cultures
Diet and nutrition
Environment
Epigenetics
We have learned in this chapter that the brain is still developing during adolescence.. whose theory does this interfere with?
Piaget, because he said that development stops after adolescence
Where fibers connect the brains left and right hemispheres improving information processing
Corpus callosum
The highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self control
Prefrontal cortex
The seat of emotions such as anger, matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Involves connections between development, the brain, and socioemotional processes
Developmental social neuroscience
What are the main reasons for sleep in adolescence
Memory: gathering all you’ve learned
Growth, cell repair, & maintenance
How many hours of sleep should teens be getting a night?
9 hours
When is melatonin released in adolescence
9:30 pm in younger adolescences
An hour later (10:30) in older adolescence
Where is melatonin produced
In the brain’s pineal gland
The sleep inducing hormone
Melatonin
What are the problems that come with tired teens
Bad eating habits/obesity Substance abuse Slow reaction time Academic problems Illness Uncontrolled moods: depression, irritability, frustration
Who holds the world record for staying awake the longest with no stimulants
Randy Gardner: 11 days
3 most reliable effects of sleep deprivation
Increase in sleepiness
Negative affects
Decreased performance on vigilance tasks
What 2 factors influence sleep deprivation
Biologically: melatonin release
Socially: electronics, parties
What are some emotional difficulties that come with adolescence
Difficult to adapt to adolescent changes
Eating disorders
Sleep problems
What are the two types of chronotypes involving sleep
Morning chronotype (morning person) Evening chronotype (night owl)
Characteristics of an evening chronotype
Suicidal
Delinquency
More sleep deprived
An undeveloped prefrontal cortex leads to..
Risky behavior
Bad decisions
Bad mood / mood swings
In terms of physical growth the brain is ___% of its full size by age 6
95%
The 3 leading causes of death in adolescence are..
Accidents
Homicide
Suicide
The 2 most common eating disorders among girls
Anorexia nervosa
Belimia nervosa
Frued focuses on ______ development
Psychosexual
Erickson focuses on ______ development
Emotional/mind/identity
What can influence the development of identity
Cognitive changes Thinking independently Moral changes Physical changes Social changes
The time of finding ones self is known as the..
Psychosocial moratorium
Marcia explored the relationship between..
Exploration & commitment throughout identity formation
Exploration & commitment talked about..
Decisions & the outcomes of decisions that relate to your identity formation
What are the 4 phases/statuses of identity that one can go through during exploration and commitment
Diffusion
Foreclosure
Moratorium
Achievement
What influences a person’s identity formation
Parenting styles
Adolescence behavior
Social environments
What is the “mama” cycle
The exploration of moratorium vs. achievement
12-18 year olds are ususally at what 2 statuses in identity
Diffuses & foreclosed
By 21 (end of college) individuals have reached what 2 statuses in identity
Moratorium & achievement
The individuals who are 21+ in the “mama” cycle usually have a higher..
Self esteem
What are the 4 ways to resolve ethnic identity
Assimilated
Marginal
Separated
Bi cultural
The eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
Anorexia nervosa
Characteristics of an individual with anorexia
Body distortion Well behaved Good students Middle class families Perfectionists Controlling parents
The eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern
Bulimia nervosa
Characteristics of an individual with bulimia
Binging/purging Childhood obesity Early menstruation Psychiatric problems Low self esteem
Characteristics of binge-eating
Eating fast Eating all the time Eating even when very full Alone Disgusted with ones self Depressed No purging
What are some causes of eating disorders
Social ideals Tv / media Genetics Personality Family dynamics Stressful life events
What are some treatments for eating disorders
Medical
Behavior modifications
Therapy
Drug treatments
The heightened self-consciousness of adolescences
Adolescent ego centrism
The adolescent’s belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves (attempts at grabbing everyone’s attention/or the thought that all eyes are on you)
Imaginary audience
The part of adolescent ego centrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility
Personal fable
