Psychology Ch. 9 Flashcards by Hannah Boaz

The view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings

Storm-and-stress

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The most important marker of adolescence, but will end far before adolescents does

Puberty

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A period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence

Puberty

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The most noticeable changes among adolescence during puberty is..

Sexual maturation
Increase in height
Increase in weight

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Puberty can be thought of as ______, while adolescence can be thought of as ______

Puberty: physiological
Adolescence: emotional & cognitive

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To be covered with hair

Pubscere

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The large period when gradual change occurs starts at about age..

10-12

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The large period when gradual change occurs will end at about age..

18-22

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In females, the first menstruation is referred to as..

Menarche

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Menarche occurs at about age..

12 1/2

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In males, the first ejaculation is referred to as..

Semenarche

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Semenarche occurs at about age..

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This physiological development gives adolescence the ability to reproduce..

Puberty

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During early adolescence, girls tend to be ______ & _____ but boys eventually catch up or surpass

Girls tend to be taller and out-weigh boys

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Boys tend to catch up in height and weight by about age..

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The growth spurt occurs approximately ___ years sooner for girls than boys

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During the growth spurt, girls increase by _____ inches a year

3 1/2

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During the growth spurt, boys increase by _____ inches a year

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The term used for the very early onset and rapid progression of puberty

Precocious puberty

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Powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the blood stream

Hormones

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The endocrine systems role in puberty involves..

Hypothalamus
Pituitary glands
Gonads

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The structure in the brain that monitors eating and sex

Hypothalamus

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An important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands like the gonads

Pituitary glands

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The testes in males
The ovaries in females
Particularly important in giving rise to pubertal changes

Gonads

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Puberty starts with the _______ glands

Adrenal glands

The adrenal glands sit..

On top of your kidneys

The sex hormone in the adrenal glands that takes part in body hair and oil secretion

Adrenal androgen (adrenaline)

In the tanner stages, puberty takes place during stages..

2-5

It takes girls _____ years to go through the stages

4-5

It takes boys ____ years to go through the stages

It is important to know that precocious puberty is NOT..

Just early puberty

Precocious puberty would be before the age of ___ in girls and ____ in boys

Girls: before 8 Boys: before 9

Because Dr.'s don't want puberty to start too early, they will..

Put a break on it (or stop the puberty) and then release it at an appropriate time

While opinions on early puberty for boys are mixed, early puberty for girls is bad for these reasons..

``` Depression Anxiety Low self esteem Suicidal HPV Eating disorder Academic difficulties Delinquency Teen pregnancy Obesity ```

What is the early puberty difficulty hypothesis about girls

Maturation disparity hypothesis

The hypothesis about girls getting the wrong attention from early puberty and having bad spin off effects from it For example: depression

Maturation disparity hypothesis

What are some developmental changes aside from height and weight during adolescence

Muscles Eyes (myopia->nearsited->glasses) Brain (cognitive skills such as thinking, planning, reasoning..are still developing)

What are the primary sex characteristics

The development of the gonads

What are the secondary sex characteristics

The things that happen because of the gonads (periods/ejaculation)

When the brain cells that are being used during adolescence stay active throughout life, but the neural connections that are not being used will slowly fade

Pruning (use it or loose it)

Factors that can influence puberty starting earlier and earlier in different cultures

Diet and nutrition Environment Epigenetics

We have learned in this chapter that the brain is still developing during adolescence.. whose theory does this interfere with?

Piaget, because he said that development stops after adolescence

Where fibers connect the brains left and right hemispheres improving information processing

Corpus callosum

The highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self control

Prefrontal cortex

The seat of emotions such as anger, matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex

Amygdala

Involves connections between development, the brain, and socioemotional processes

Developmental social neuroscience

What are the main reasons for sleep in adolescence

Memory: gathering all you've learned | Growth, cell repair, & maintenance

How many hours of sleep should teens be getting a night?

9 hours

When is melatonin released in adolescence

9:30 pm in younger adolescences | An hour later (10:30) in older adolescence

Where is melatonin produced

In the brain's pineal gland

The sleep inducing hormone

Melatonin

What are the problems that come with tired teens

``` Bad eating habits/obesity Substance abuse Slow reaction time Academic problems Illness Uncontrolled moods: depression, irritability, frustration ```

Who holds the world record for staying awake the longest with no stimulants

Randy Gardner: 11 days

3 most reliable effects of sleep deprivation

Increase in sleepiness Negative affects Decreased performance on vigilance tasks

What 2 factors influence sleep deprivation

Biologically: melatonin release Socially: electronics, parties

What are some emotional difficulties that come with adolescence

Difficult to adapt to adolescent changes Eating disorders Sleep problems

What are the two types of chronotypes involving sleep

``` Morning chronotype (morning person) Evening chronotype (night owl) ```

Characteristics of an evening chronotype

Suicidal Delinquency More sleep deprived

An undeveloped prefrontal cortex leads to..

Risky behavior Bad decisions Bad mood / mood swings

In terms of physical growth the brain is ___% of its full size by age 6

95%

The 3 leading causes of death in adolescence are..

Accidents Homicide Suicide

The 2 most common eating disorders among girls

Anorexia nervosa | Belimia nervosa

Frued focuses on ______ development

Psychosexual

Erickson focuses on ______ development

Emotional/mind/identity

What can influence the development of identity

``` Cognitive changes Thinking independently Moral changes Physical changes Social changes ```

The time of finding ones self is known as the..

Psychosocial moratorium

Marcia explored the relationship between..

Exploration & commitment throughout identity formation

Exploration & commitment talked about..

Decisions & the outcomes of decisions that relate to your identity formation

What are the 4 phases/statuses of identity that one can go through during exploration and commitment

Diffusion Foreclosure Moratorium Achievement

What influences a person's identity formation

Parenting styles Adolescence behavior Social environments

What is the "mama" cycle

The exploration of moratorium vs. achievement

12-18 year olds are ususally at what 2 statuses in identity

Diffuses & foreclosed

By 21 (end of college) individuals have reached what 2 statuses in identity

Moratorium & achievement

The individuals who are 21+ in the "mama" cycle usually have a higher..

Self esteem

What are the 4 ways to resolve ethnic identity

Assimilated Marginal Separated Bi cultural

The eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation

Anorexia nervosa

Characteristics of an individual with anorexia

``` Body distortion Well behaved Good students Middle class families Perfectionists Controlling parents ```

The eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern

Bulimia nervosa

Characteristics of an individual with bulimia

``` Binging/purging Childhood obesity Early menstruation Psychiatric problems Low self esteem ```

Characteristics of binge-eating

``` Eating fast Eating all the time Eating even when very full Alone Disgusted with ones self Depressed No purging ```

What are some causes of eating disorders

``` Social ideals Tv / media Genetics Personality Family dynamics Stressful life events ```

What are some treatments for eating disorders

Medical Behavior modifications Therapy Drug treatments

The heightened self-consciousness of adolescences

Adolescent ego centrism

The adolescent's belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves (attempts at grabbing everyone's attention/or the thought that all eyes are on you)

Imaginary audience

The part of adolescent ego centrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility

Personal fable