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Developmental Psychology > Psychology Ch. 15 > Flashcards

Psychology Ch. 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Late adulthood begins at the age of ____ and lasts until ___?

A

Begins: 60s or 70s
Lasts: until death

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2
Q

Before the 20th century or 1900s, most individuals died before they reached age ___

A

65

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3
Q

The maximum number of years an individual can live

A

Life span

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4
Q

The number of years a person will probably live

A

Life expectancy

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5
Q

The average life span of individuals today is..

A

78 (80.7 for females, 75.4 for males)

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6
Q

Which gender lives usually lives longer?

A

Females

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7
Q

What % of the late adulthood population is female?

A

60-70%

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8
Q

Reasons why women live longer then men?

A

Social factors: health attitudes, habits, lifestyles, jobs

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9
Q

Men are more likely to die from this than women?

A

Respiratory cancer, accidents, heart disease

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10
Q

Female’s ____ helps to fight off arteriosclerosis

A

Estrogen production

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11
Q

The additional x chromosome women carry may be associated with the production of more..

A

Antibodies

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12
Q

What are the four biological theories as to why we age?

A

Evolutionary
Cellular clock
Free radical
Hormonal stress

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13
Q

In this theory, natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults

A

Evolutionary theory of aging

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14
Q

In this theory, if alzheimers occured in earlier adulthood then it might have been eliminated centuries ago because natural selection is linked to reproductive fitness

A

Evolutionary theory of aging

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15
Q

Leonard Hayflick’s theory that cells can divide a maximum of about 75-80 times and as we age our cells become less capable of dividing

A

Cellular clock theory

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16
Q

States that people age because when cells metabolize energy, the byproducts include unstable oxygen molecules

A

Free radical theory

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17
Q

On a non-cellular level, this theory argues that aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease

A

Hormonal stress theory

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18
Q

The brain loses what % of its weight between the ages of ___?

A

5-10% of its weight between 20-90 yrs old

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19
Q

There is an increase in frontal lobe activity because..

A

the brain is putting forth more effort and energy in the frontal lobe to work

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20
Q

The decline of functioning in the hippocampus effects..

A

memory functioning

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21
Q

What is frontal lobe bilaterality

A

When the brain uses more areas to get more work done than it used to (brain’s version of the SOC theory of development)

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22
Q

Aerobic fitness was linked with greater volume in the hippocampus which means..

A

Better memory function

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23
Q

The generation of new neurons is called

A

Neurogenesis

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24
Q

The nun study tested..

A 
Mental exams
Delayed word recall
Activities of daily living
Self rated functions
Post mortem brain analysis
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25
Q

The nun study showed that their longevity was due to..

A

Socializing
Religion
Exercise
Education/learning

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26
Q

Verbal fluency which is _____ declines as you age

A

Your ability to come up with different words

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27
Q

Verbal knowlege is _____ and stays stable or even increases

A

Acquired knowledge or what you have learned your whole life

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28
Q

This can be used to predict ability and aging

A

Verbal skills

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29
Q

What are the 3 verbal skills that can be tested, and also were tested in the nun study, to predict ability and aging?

A

Grammatical complexity
Idea density
Emotional content

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30
Q

Individuals who told or wrote grammatically correct stories showed..

A

No cognitive decline

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31
Q

Those individuals who shows great idea density, a measure of linguistic ability, were less likely to have..

A

Alzeimers

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32
Q

Those individuals who showed emotional content in their stories and language on average did what?

A

Lived longer

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33
Q

Physical developments that occur in middle adulthood

A 
Wrinkles
Age spots
Shorter
Weight drops
Move slower
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34
Q

Name the 4 sensory development

A

Vision
Hearing
Smell & taste
Touch & pain

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35
Q

The 3 diseases that can impair vision

A

Cataracts
Glaucoma
Macular degeneration

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36
Q

Thickening of the lense of the eye: cloudy, opaque, distorted

A

Cataracts

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37
Q

Damage to the optic nerve because of pressure created by fluid buildup

A

Glaucoma

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38
Q

Disease that deteriorates the macula of the eye affecting the center of the visual field

A

Macular degeneration

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39
Q

Primary neural receptor for hearing in the inner ear

A

Cochlea (degenerates)

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40
Q

With aging comes the decline of feeling _____ which could be bad because it could mask other injuries and illnesses

A

Pain

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41
Q

Decline in hearing can be called..

A

Presbycusis

42
Q

Decline in vision can be called..

A

Presbyopia

43
Q

Lung functioning _____ but with _____ it can get better

A

Decreases but with diaphragm exercises it can get better

44
Q

The most common chronic disorder in late adulthood

A

Arthritis followed by hypertension

45
Q

The gender that gets arthritis and hypertension more and more likely to have visual problems

A

Women

46
Q

More likely to have hearing problems

A

Men

47
Q

Leading causes of death in elderly

A

Cancer

Cardiovascular disease

48
Q

Inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems

A

Arthritis

49
Q

Severe/extensive loss of bone tissue

A

Osteoporosis

50
Q

6th leading cause of death

A

Accidents

51
Q

Falling is the leading cause of..

A

Injury

52
Q

The mechanics or hardware of the brain

A

Processing speeds

53
Q

The pragmatics or software of the brain

A

Verbal skills

54
Q

Between verbal skills and processing speeds, which is more likely to stay stable throughout aging or even increase

A

Verbal skills/pragmatics

55
Q

3 types of attention

A

Selective
Divided
Sustained

56
Q

Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant

The ability to focus on one voice in a crowded room

Making a decision about which stimuli to attend to at an intersection

A

Selective attention

57
Q

Involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

A

Divided attention

58
Q

The state of readiness to detect and respond to things occurring at random times in the environment

A

Sustained attention or vigilance

59
Q

The retention of information about the where and when of life’s happenings

A

Episodic memory

60
Q

A person’s knowledge about the world, includes a persons field of expertise & general academics

A

Semantic memory

61
Q

Working memory is related to..

A

Short term memory

62
Q

Amount of time it takes to preform simple perceptual motor tasks such as how long it takes to decide whether pairs of 2 digit or 2 letter strings are the same

How long it takes to step on the brakes

A

Perceptual speed

63
Q

The memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state

Sometimes called declarative memory

Trying to remember what you needed at the grocery

A

Explicit memory

64
Q

Memory without conscious recollection

Involves automatic procedures, involuntary

A

Implicit memory

65
Q

____&_____ memory decline, while _____&_____ memory dont most of the time

A

Decline: episodic & working

Dont decline: semantic & implicit

66
Q

What are the 3 things we know about wisdom?

A
  1. High levels of wisdom is rare
  2. Other factors besides age contribute to wisdom
  3. Personality is a good predictor of wisdom
67
Q

____ can improve cognitive function

A

Training

68
Q

What are 3 types of interventions to train the brain

A

Exercise
Meditation
Juggling

69
Q

What does exercising do for the brain?

A

Improves executive functioning

Increase in white and gray matter in prefrontal areas

70
Q

What does meditation do for the brain?

A

Prevents volume decrease

71
Q

What does juggling do for the brain?

A

Increase in gray matter and visual areas

72
Q

What is the SOC theory of development?

A

How older people adapt to their decline in developement

73
Q

What are the 3 components to the SOC theory?

A

Selection
Optimization
Compensation

74
Q

This makes situation easier

Its easier to play the piano the piano for 1 hour instead of 2 like she used to

A

Selection

75
Q

Changing or increasing their ability

He doesnt want to give up his 2 hour show so he will change his routine and practice harder than he used to have to practice

A

Optimization

76
Q

Adjusting to some of their changes

A pianist might make his slow songs even slower that way he compensates for his fast songs sounding faster

A

Compensation

77
Q

What are some strengths of the elderly?

A

Emotional intelligence
Wisdom
Strong self image
Life satisfaction

78
Q

What are some issues when working with the elderly?

A 
Sensory declines
Medications
Hard time understanding language and tasks
Refusal to participate
Heterogeneity
79
Q

What is cognitive inhibition

A

Being able to stop your normal responses

Stroop color task

80
Q

The common cold of mental disorders

A

Depression

81
Q

Less common among older adults than younger adults

A

Depression

82
Q

The most common dimentia

A

Alzheimers

83
Q

Deterioration of mental functioning/severe cognitive impairment

A

All types of dimentia

84
Q

While dimentia is severe, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be a precursor to..

A

Alzheimers

85
Q

Symptoms of MCI

A

Forgetting events & conversations
Difficulty multi tasking & problem solving
Taking longer to do a task

86
Q

Difficulties with dementia

A

Language
Memory
Attention
Problem solving

87
Q

Risks for dimentia

A

Low education level
Low social network
Low occupational attainment
**Nuns are at risk for dimentia?

88
Q

Progressive irreversable brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and eventually physical function

A

Alzheimers

89
Q

Symptoms of Alzheimers disease

A 
Dimentia
Language impairment
Confusion and restlessness
Emotional and personal changes
Loss of motor abilities
90
Q

This disease eats away the tissue of the brain

A

Alzheimers

91
Q

The best way to diagnose AD is by looking at..

A

Brain pathology

92
Q

Brain pathology will show what 4 things with AD

A

Neurofibrillary tangles (abnormal clumping)
Senile plaques
Larger ventricles (empty brain process)
Brain shrinkage

93
Q

Disease characterized by muscle tremors and brain decay

A

Parkinson’s disease

94
Q

The disease characterized by the loss of dopamine

A

Parkinson’s disease

95
Q

Dopamine stimulates..

A

Motor functions

96
Q

Name the treatments for Parkinsons

A

L-dopa
Deep brain stimulation
Fetal neural tissue transplant

97
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

Jittering/rigidity
Depression
Dimentia
Tremors

98
Q

Low/little movement

A

Hypokinesia

99
Q

Slowing of movement

A

Bradykinesia

100
Q

Lack of movement

A

Akinesia

Developmental Psychology (9 decks)

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