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Developmental Psychology > Psychology Ch. 15 > Flashcards

Psychology Ch. 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Late adulthood begins at the age of ____ and lasts until ___?

A

Begins: 60s or 70s
Lasts: until death

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2
Q

Before the 20th century or 1900s, most individuals died before they reached age ___

A

65

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3
Q

The maximum number of years an individual can live

A

Life span

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4
Q

The number of years a person will probably live

A

Life expectancy

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5
Q

The average life span of individuals today is..

A

78 (80.7 for females, 75.4 for males)

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6
Q

Which gender lives usually lives longer?

A

Females

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7
Q

What % of the late adulthood population is female?

A

60-70%

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8
Q

Reasons why women live longer then men?

A

Social factors: health attitudes, habits, lifestyles, jobs

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9
Q

Men are more likely to die from this than women?

A

Respiratory cancer, accidents, heart disease

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10
Q

Female’s ____ helps to fight off arteriosclerosis

A

Estrogen production

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11
Q

The additional x chromosome women carry may be associated with the production of more..

A

Antibodies

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12
Q

What are the four biological theories as to why we age?

A

Evolutionary
Cellular clock
Free radical
Hormonal stress

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13
Q

In this theory, natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults

A

Evolutionary theory of aging

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14
Q

In this theory, if alzheimers occured in earlier adulthood then it might have been eliminated centuries ago because natural selection is linked to reproductive fitness

A

Evolutionary theory of aging

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15
Q

Leonard Hayflick’s theory that cells can divide a maximum of about 75-80 times and as we age our cells become less capable of dividing

A

Cellular clock theory

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16
Q

States that people age because when cells metabolize energy, the byproducts include unstable oxygen molecules

A

Free radical theory

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17
Q

On a non-cellular level, this theory argues that aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease

A

Hormonal stress theory

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18
Q

The brain loses what % of its weight between the ages of ___?

A

5-10% of its weight between 20-90 yrs old

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19
Q

There is an increase in frontal lobe activity because..

A

the brain is putting forth more effort and energy in the frontal lobe to work

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20
Q

The decline of functioning in the hippocampus effects..

A

memory functioning

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21
Q

What is frontal lobe bilaterality

A

When the brain uses more areas to get more work done than it used to (brain’s version of the SOC theory of development)

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22
Q

Aerobic fitness was linked with greater volume in the hippocampus which means..

A

Better memory function

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23
Q

The generation of new neurons is called

A

Neurogenesis

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24
Q

The nun study tested..

A 
Mental exams
Delayed word recall
Activities of daily living
Self rated functions
Post mortem brain analysis
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25
The nun study showed that their longevity was due to..
Socializing Religion Exercise Education/learning
26
Verbal fluency which is _____ declines as you age
Your ability to come up with different words
27
Verbal knowlege is _____ and stays stable or even increases
Acquired knowledge or what you have learned your whole life
28
This can be used to predict ability and aging
Verbal skills
29
What are the 3 verbal skills that can be tested, and also were tested in the nun study, to predict ability and aging?
Grammatical complexity Idea density Emotional content
30
Individuals who told or wrote grammatically correct stories showed..
No cognitive decline
31
Those individuals who shows great idea density, a measure of linguistic ability, were less likely to have..
Alzeimers
32
Those individuals who showed emotional content in their stories and language on average did what?
Lived longer
33
Physical developments that occur in middle adulthood
``` Wrinkles Age spots Shorter Weight drops Move slower ```
34
Name the 4 sensory development
Vision Hearing Smell & taste Touch & pain
35
The 3 diseases that can impair vision
Cataracts Glaucoma Macular degeneration
36
Thickening of the lense of the eye: cloudy, opaque, distorted
Cataracts
37
Damage to the optic nerve because of pressure created by fluid buildup
Glaucoma
38
Disease that deteriorates the macula of the eye affecting the center of the visual field
Macular degeneration
39
Primary neural receptor for hearing in the inner ear
Cochlea (degenerates)
40
With aging comes the decline of feeling _____ which could be bad because it could mask other injuries and illnesses
Pain
41
Decline in hearing can be called..
Presbycusis
42
Decline in vision can be called..
Presbyopia
43
Lung functioning _____ but with _____ it can get better
Decreases but with diaphragm exercises it can get better
44
The most common chronic disorder in late adulthood
Arthritis followed by hypertension
45
The gender that gets arthritis and hypertension more and more likely to have visual problems
Women
46
More likely to have hearing problems
Men
47
Leading causes of death in elderly
Cancer | Cardiovascular disease
48
Inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems
Arthritis
49
Severe/extensive loss of bone tissue
Osteoporosis
50
6th leading cause of death
Accidents
51
Falling is the leading cause of..
Injury
52
The mechanics or hardware of the brain
Processing speeds
53
The pragmatics or software of the brain
Verbal skills
54
Between verbal skills and processing speeds, which is more likely to stay stable throughout aging or even increase
Verbal skills/pragmatics
55
3 types of attention
Selective Divided Sustained
56
Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant The ability to focus on one voice in a crowded room Making a decision about which stimuli to attend to at an intersection
Selective attention
57
Involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
Divided attention
58
The state of readiness to detect and respond to things occurring at random times in the environment
Sustained attention or vigilance
59
The retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings
Episodic memory
60
A person's knowledge about the world, includes a persons field of expertise & general academics
Semantic memory
61
Working memory is related to..
Short term memory
62
Amount of time it takes to preform simple perceptual motor tasks such as how long it takes to decide whether pairs of 2 digit or 2 letter strings are the same How long it takes to step on the brakes
Perceptual speed
63
The memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state Sometimes called declarative memory Trying to remember what you needed at the grocery
Explicit memory
64
Memory without conscious recollection Involves automatic procedures, involuntary
Implicit memory
65
____&_____ memory decline, while _____&_____ memory dont most of the time
Decline: episodic & working | Dont decline: semantic & implicit
66
What are the 3 things we know about wisdom?
1. High levels of wisdom is rare 2. Other factors besides age contribute to wisdom 3. Personality is a good predictor of wisdom
67
____ can improve cognitive function
Training
68
What are 3 types of interventions to train the brain
Exercise Meditation Juggling
69
What does exercising do for the brain?
Improves executive functioning | Increase in white and gray matter in prefrontal areas
70
What does meditation do for the brain?
Prevents volume decrease
71
What does juggling do for the brain?
Increase in gray matter and visual areas
72
What is the SOC theory of development?
How older people adapt to their decline in developement
73
What are the 3 components to the SOC theory?
Selection Optimization Compensation
74
This makes situation easier Its easier to play the piano the piano for 1 hour instead of 2 like she used to
Selection
75
Changing or increasing their ability He doesnt want to give up his 2 hour show so he will change his routine and practice harder than he used to have to practice
Optimization
76
Adjusting to some of their changes A pianist might make his slow songs even slower that way he compensates for his fast songs sounding faster
Compensation
77
What are some strengths of the elderly?
Emotional intelligence Wisdom Strong self image Life satisfaction
78
What are some issues when working with the elderly?
``` Sensory declines Medications Hard time understanding language and tasks Refusal to participate Heterogeneity ```
79
What is cognitive inhibition
Being able to stop your normal responses Stroop color task
80
The common cold of mental disorders
Depression
81
Less common among older adults than younger adults
Depression
82
The most common dimentia
Alzheimers
83
Deterioration of mental functioning/severe cognitive impairment
All types of dimentia
84
While dimentia is severe, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be a precursor to..
Alzheimers
85
Symptoms of MCI
Forgetting events & conversations Difficulty multi tasking & problem solving Taking longer to do a task
86
Difficulties with dementia
Language Memory Attention Problem solving
87
Risks for dimentia
Low education level Low social network Low occupational attainment **Nuns are at risk for dimentia?
88
Progressive irreversable brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and eventually physical function
Alzheimers
89
Symptoms of Alzheimers disease
``` Dimentia Language impairment Confusion and restlessness Emotional and personal changes Loss of motor abilities ```
90
This disease eats away the tissue of the brain
Alzheimers
91
The best way to diagnose AD is by looking at..
Brain pathology
92
Brain pathology will show what 4 things with AD
Neurofibrillary tangles (abnormal clumping) Senile plaques Larger ventricles (empty brain process) Brain shrinkage
93
Disease characterized by muscle tremors and brain decay
Parkinson's disease
94
The disease characterized by the loss of dopamine
Parkinson's disease
95
Dopamine stimulates..
Motor functions
96
Name the treatments for Parkinsons
L-dopa Deep brain stimulation Fetal neural tissue transplant
97
Symptoms of Parkinson's
Jittering/rigidity Depression Dimentia Tremors
98
Low/little movement
Hypokinesia
99
Slowing of movement
Bradykinesia
100
Lack of movement
Akinesia

Developmental Psychology (9 decks)

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