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Developmental Psychology > Pharmacology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Substances that produce responses within the body, they are synthesized by cells of the human body, animal cells, or microorganisms
Ex: Insulin

A

Biologics

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2
Q

Treatments that consider the health of the whole person and promote disease prevention, natural, not drugs or medicine
Ex: herbs, acupuncture, massage, meditation

A

Complementary and Alternative Medicines

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3
Q

Major differences between prescription and OTC drugs

A

Prescription: need written order from a doctor
OTC: doesn’t need a prescription, has lower dosage and safer

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4
Q

Role of the FDA in the drug approval process

A

Reviews drugs that have worked and gone through the New Drug Application (NDA) process. Once they approve it, the drug is put on the market

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5
Q

US agency responsible for the evaluation and approval of new drugs

A

FDA

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6
Q

Federal law enforcement agency that combats drug smuggling and monitors controlled substances

A

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

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7
Q

4 phases of the drug approval process

A
  1. preclinical investigation: drugs are tested on animals or human cells
  2. clinical investigation: tests on healthy human volunteers as well as people with a disease
  3. New Drug Application: completed if the drug appears to work and reviewed by the FDA
  4. Post marketing surveillance: drug is marketed but still monitored
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8
Q

Method for organizing drugs on the basis of their clinical usefulness, tells you exactly what the drug is going to do in the body
Ex: raises your BP

A

Therapeutic classification

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9
Q

Method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action (at the molecular & body system levels)

A

Pharmacologic classification

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10
Q

Well understood model drug with which other drugs in a pharmacologic class may be compared

A

Prototype drug

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11
Q

Strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the IUPAC, used in the lab

A

Chemical name

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12
Q

Nonproprietary name of a drug assigned by the government, stays the same throughout all companies

A

Generic name

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13
Q

Proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer, also called the brand or product name, usually easier to understand, most patients know this name

A

Trade name

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14
Q

Drug product with more than one active generic ingredient

A

Combination drug

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15
Q

The ability of a drug to reach the bloodstream and its target tissues

A

Bioavailability

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16
Q

The continued drive to use a substance despite its negative health and social consequences

A

Addiction

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17
Q

Strong physiological or psychological need for a substance.. associated with tolerance, you will keep needing more

A

Dependence

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18
Q

A drug placed into one of the five categories based on its potential for misuse or abuse

A

Scheduled drug

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19
Q

How a drug produces its physiological effect on the body

A

Drug’s mechanism of action

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20
Q

Description and example of a SCHEDULE 1

A

No medical use, very high potential for abuse

Ex: heroine, LSD, marijuana

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21
Q

Description and example of a SCHEDULE 2

A

High potential for abuse

Ex: morphine, methadone

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22
Q

Description and example of a SCHEDULE 3

A

Potential for abuse, but less than schedule 1 and 2

Ex: codeine

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23
Q

Description and example of a SCHEDULE 4

A

May cause dependence

Ex: benzodiazepine

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24
Q

Description and example of a SCHEDULE 5

A

Very limited potential for dependence

Ex: codeine

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25
Q

The process of moving a drug across the body’s membranes from the spot of administration

A

Absorption

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26
Q

The process of transporting drugs through the body, tissues, heart, kidneys, brain, usually through the blood stream

A

Distribution

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27
Q

The total of all biochemical reactions in the body, or biotransformation

A

Metabolism

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28
Q

The process of removing drugs or substances from the body

Ex: by the kidneys through the urine

A

Excretion

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29
Q

What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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30
Q

The study of how drugs are handled in the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

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31
Q

Factors affecting absorption

A

Oral medication has to dissolve first so it takes a lot longer
Syrups are faster then tablets
IV drugs don’t need absorbed
Depending on the food that’s already in your stomach it could take longer for the medication to absorbed
Blood flow to the digestive tract is important

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32
Q

The amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect

A

Minimum effective concentration

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33
Q

The level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects

A

Toxic concentration

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34
Q

The dosage range or serum concentration that achieves the desired drug affect, between the minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration

A

Therapeutic range

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35
Q

The length of time for the plasma concentration of a medication to decrease by half after the administration

A

Plasma half life

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36
Q

Large dose given at the beginning of treatment to rapidly obtain the therapeutic effect of a drug

A

Loading dose

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37
Q

Dose that is less than the loading dose to keep the plasma drug concentration continuously in the therapeutic range

A

Maintenance dose

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38
Q

Time it takes for a therapeutic effect of a drug to appear, when it starts working/kicking in

A

Onset of drug action

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39
Q

When its the highest amount of drug in the bloodstream, the strongest affect before dropping off

A

Peak of plasma level

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40
Q

The length of time that the therapeutic drug lasts before you need to give them another dose of medicine

A

Duration of drug action

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41
Q

A drug that is capable of binding to receptors, does the action of a natural substance, and induce a cellular response

A

Agonist

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42
Q

A drug that blocks the response of another drug, prevents chemicals from acting

A

Antagonist

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43
Q

Medication that produces a weaker, or less efficient response than an agonist, such as pain meds

A

Partial agonist

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44
Q

Receptors bind to drugs, whether they are good or bad, but drugs can stop these receptors, causing inihibition

A

Receptors & Drug action

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45
Q

List in order the steps of the nursing process

A
  1. Assessment
  2. Nursing diagnosis
  3. Planning goals and outcomes
  4. Implementing
  5. Evaluating
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46
Q

The part of the nursing process where you gather information and collect data about your patient

A

Assessment

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47
Q

Clinical judgement part of the nursing process made about the patient’s health within the nurse’s scope of practice, so what the nurse is able to control, two basic ways of of analyzing the patient would be by deficient knowledge and noncompliance

A

Nursing Diagnosis

48
Q

The phase of the nursing process in which nurses prioritize their diagnosis, educate the patient about it, and formulate goals/outcomes

A

Planning

49
Q

The part of the nursing process when the patient reassesses the patient and comes up with the nursing interventions that would allow the patient to move forward such as re administering a drug

A

Implementing

50
Q

The part of the nursing process that compares the patient’s current health with the desired, continues to modify the care plan

A

Evaluating

51
Q

A drug or other agent that causes developmental birth defects because a fetus or embryo was exposed to it and it caused damage

A

Teratogen

52
Q

The taking of multiple drugs at the same time

A

Polypharmacy

53
Q

Changes in enzyme structure and function due to the encoding gene, so changes in DNA

A

Genetic polymorphism

54
Q

The area of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug responses

A

Pharmacogenetics

55
Q

Treatments that consider the health of the whole person and promote disease prevention, often safer than medications

A

Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM)

56
Q

What are the 5 categories of teratogenic drug classification

A

A: No risk to the fetus
B: No risk in animal studies, well controlled
C: Animal studies indicate there is a risk
D: A risk has been proven
X: The risk is greater and outweighs the benefits (an X classification will definitely harm the fetus)

57
Q

Differences that a nurse should be aware of when administering medications to children

A

They have decreased and slower gastrics
Their liver and kidneys are immature
They have a lower blood pressure
You should administer drugs in a non-traumatic way

58
Q

Differences that a nurse should be aware of when administering medications to adults

A

They have slower gastric emptying times
They have decreased blood flow through the liver and kidneys
They have decreased and slower GI mobility

59
Q

Explain the roles of complementary and alternative medicine in promoting patient wellness

A

Focuses on treating patients as individuals
Considers the health of the whole person
Emphasizes the integration of mind and body
Promotes disease prevention, selfcare, and self healing
Recognizes the role of spirituality and health in healing

60
Q

Why are drugs important in the context of emergency preparedness

A

They are the most powerful tool available to the medical community for bioterrorism and world wide epidemics

61
Q

Program designed to ensure the immediate deployment of essential medical materials to a community in the event of a large scaled chemical or biological attack

A

Strategic National Stockpile (SNS)

62
Q

Caused by the bacterium Bacillus antracis which causes severe disease and high mortality in humans, normally effects domestic and wild animals

A

Anthrax

63
Q

Removing poison from the stomach

A

Gastric lavage

64
Q

A carbon based drug that is used to absorb poisons

A

Activated charcoal

65
Q

Considered for potentially toxic ingestion of sustained release or enteric coated drugs, removing poisons from the bowels

A

Whole bowel irrigation

66
Q

Identify the divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

Made up of Motor Neurons & Sensory Neurons

Motor Neurons are made up of the Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems

The Autonomic Nervous System is made up of the Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) and Sympathetic (Adrenergic)

The sympathetic is also made up of alphas and betas

67
Q

This system prepares the body for stressful or energetic activity, activating the fight-or-flight response

A

Sympathetic

68
Q

The system dominates during the time of rest-and-digest and it also directs maintenance activities

A

Parasympathetic

69
Q

The system where the brain and the spinal cord both receive and process information then initiate actions

A

Central Nervous system

70
Q

The system of all the nerves and tissues outside of the CNS which transmits signals between CNS and the rest of the body

A

Peripheral Nervous system

71
Q

Activates involuntary responses over the contractions of smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and organs

A

Autonomic Nervous system

72
Q

Activated under the conditions of the fight or flight response

A

Sympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous system

73
Q

Activated under the nonstressful conditions and produces a rest and digest response

A

Parasympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System

74
Q

Stimulate the sympathetic division (fight-or-flight) and are made up of Alpha and Beta receptors. can also be selective or non selective

A

Adrenergic receptors

75
Q

Stimulate the parasympathetic division (rest-and-digest) and are nerves that release acetylcholine which stimulates smooth muscle, gland secretion, and a decreased heart rate

A

Cholinergic receptors

76
Q

What are the autonomic nervous system’s 2 primary neurotransmitters…

A

Norepinephrine

Acetylcholine

77
Q

These STIMULATE the sympathetic nervous system and what responses we would get such as fight or flight, decreased heart rate

A

Sympathomimetics

78
Q

These INHIBIT sympathetic nervous systems, opposite the sympathomimetics

A

Adrenergic antagonists

79
Q

These STIMULATE the parasympathetic nervous system, producing the rest and digest response

A

Parasympathomimetics

80
Q

These INHIBIT the parasympathetic nervouse system, they are cholinergic blocking agents

A

Anticholinergics

81
Q

Having a large drop in blood pressure as you stand up, making you dizzy and sometimes causing falls. This is a side effect of raking Prazosin (minipress) which is used to lower blood pressure

A

Orthostatic hypotension

82
Q

Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care provider, patient, or consumer

A

Medication Error

83
Q

Name the organizations involved with medication safety

A

Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP)
Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
Joint Commission

84
Q

Oversees the safety of consumer products, such as medicines, biologics, cosmetics, food, and medical devices

A

FDA

85
Q

Creates a system of standards and quality, also only admits drugs that meet the guidelines, heparin labeling situation

A

US Pharmacopoeia

86
Q

A nonprofit, independent watch dog, safe medicines and error prevention, collects info on errors, research, and educate patients

A

Institute for Safe Medication Practices

87
Q

Improves safety in health care institutions, provides accreditation, the goal is to reduce the risk of bad outcomes

A

Joint Commission

88
Q

What are the 3 different delivery systems

A

Unit dose
Multiple dose
Automated medication dispensing system (AMD)

89
Q

Medications packaged individually like the ones we use in lab

A

Unit dose

90
Q

Medications with more than one dose in a container so like a bottle of pills

A

Multiple dose

91
Q

Medications that come from a computer storage and dispensing system like the one in lab

A

Automated medication dispensing system

92
Q

What are the 6 rights of medication administration

A 
Patient
Drug
Dose
Route
Time
Documentation
93
Q

What are the 3 times you check the medication before administering

A

When collecting the medications
Before entering the patient’s room
At the bedside

94
Q

Describe point-of-care barcode technology and how it improves the accuracy of medications

A
  1. Scan the patients ID bracelet barcode
  2. Scan medication barcode and the computer will say if its a match
    This improves accuracy of medication administration and reduces the # of drug-related errors
95
Q

Proper method of administering oral drugs

A 
wash hands
check for allergies
check label 3 times
make sure the drug is appropriate for the patient
make sure the head is elevated
give a sip of water to make sure they can swallow
do not give if nauseous or vomiting
open unit dose at the bedside
pour liquid at eye level
follow with water
96
Q

What are the 6 different types of medication orders

A 
Routine meds
Standing meds
PRN (as needed)
One time/single order
ASAP or Now
STAT
97
Q

What are the 5 components of a medication label

A 
The chemical composition 
The disease or disorder that the drug treats
Prescribing guidelines
Known drug reactions and interactions
Warnings and cautions about the drug
98
Q

What are some different types of solid medications

A 
Tablets
Capsules
Granules
Chewable
Coated
Effervescent 
Modified release
Multilayer
Orally disintegrating
Soluble
Troche
Lozenge
99
Q

What are some different types of liquid medications

A 
Solutions
Suspensions
Emulsions
Elixirs
Syrups
100
Q

Identify the major types of anxiety disorders

A 
Generalized anxiety
Panic Disorder
Phobia
Social anxiety
Obsessive Compulsive disorder
Post traumatic stress disorder
101
Q

Stress disorder where you’re always worried, nervous, symptoms, lasting more than 6 months

A

Generalized anxiety disorders

102
Q

Stress disorder with intense panic, attacks lasting 10 min, interferes with daily activities

A

Panic disorder

103
Q

Stress disorder where you get anxiety from speaking in front of people, not wanting to be with people at all

A

Social anxiety

104
Q

Stress disorder where you repeat behaviors, hand washing, light switches

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder

105
Q

Stress disorder that happens after a traumatic event/natural disaster

A

Post traumatic stress disorder

106
Q

Region of the brain associated with feelings of stress and anxiety

A

Limbic system (middle of the brain)

107
Q

Region of the brain associated with high alertness, you’re not drowsy, not sleepy

A

Reticular formation (connects with hypothalamus)

108
Q

Region of the brain associated with wakefulness

A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

109
Q

What are the classes of medication used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders

A

Antidepressants: Lexapro
Benzodiazepines: Ativan
Barbituates
Non benzo/non barbituates: Ambien

110
Q

Requires different classes of drugs that cause loss of sensation to the entire body, usually resulting in loss of consciousness

A

General anesthesia

111
Q

Loss of sensation to a limited part of the body

A

Local anesthesia

112
Q

5 types of local anesthesia

A 
Epidural
Infiltration
Nerve block
Spinal
Topical
113
Q

Injection into the skin immediately at the surgical site

-blocks a specific amount of small nerves

A

Infiltration

114
Q

Injection into tissue that may be distant from the operation site (regional)
-blocks sensation into a limb or a large area like the face

A

Nerve block

115
Q

Multiple/combination of drugs are used to rapidly induce unconsciousness, allow muscle relaxation, maintain anesthesia
3-5 drugs combined so you don’t get the side effects of just one drug

A

Balanced anesthesia

116
Q

A genetically inherited problem, reaction to the anesthetic agent when you have a rapid increase in body temperature

A

Malignant hypothermia

117
Q

Inhibits the amount of seratonin so that it’ll stay in the system longer..?

A

Selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

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