Psychology Ch. 6

Question 1

The child’s cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child’s self conceptions

Answer 1

Self understanding

Question 2

Early self understanding involves..

Answer 2

Self recognition

Question 3

In early childhood, children distinguish themselves from others by..

Answer 3

Physical and material attributes

Question 4

After children establish self awareness then they are capable of expressing..

Answer 4

Emotions and self consciousness

Question 5

These parents monitor their child’s emotions, view their child’s negative emotions as a teaching opportunity, label their emotions, and teach them how to deal with them

Answer 5

Emotion-coaching parents

Question 6

These parents view their role as denying, ignoring, or changing negative emotions

Answer 6

Emotion-dismissing parents

Question 7

How you respond to, understand, react to others emotions, as well as how you use your own emotions makes up your..

Answer 7

Emotional intelligence

Question 8

The marshmallow video showed how children are able to..

Answer 8

Regulate their emotions and practice delayed gratifications

Question 9

Development that involves the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should in their interactions with other people

Answer 9

Moral development

Question 10

Responding to another person’s feelings with an emotion that echoes those feelings

Answer 10

Empathy

Question 11

Piaget concluded that children go through what two distinct stages in how they think about morality

Answer 11

Heteronomous morality

Autonomous morality

Question 12

The first stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, occurring from approximately 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people

Answer 12

Heteronomous morality

Question 13

The second stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, displayed by older children (10+). The child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and in judging an action, one should consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences

Answer 13

Autonomous morality

Question 14

Heteronomous thinkers believe in ______ which is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be given immediately

Answer 14

Immanent justice

Question 15

The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 2 or 3 years old

Answer 15

Gender identity

Question 16

When children realize that they are going to stay their gender forever, happens at about 4 years old

Answer 16

Gender stability

Question 17

When children show that they understand putting a dress on a boy doesn’t make him a girl, they realize altercations don’t change the gender, happens at about 5 or 6 years old

Answer 17

Gender consistency

Question 18

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel

Answer 18

Gender roles

Question 19

The three social theories of gender

Answer 19

Social role theory
Psychoanalytic theory
Social cognitive theory

Question 20

Theory that states that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men

Answer 20

Social role theory

Question 21

The view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent and by 5 or 6 renounce this attraction due to anxiety and then identifies with the same sex parent

Answer 21

Psychoanalytic theory of gender

Question 22

A theory that emphasizes that children’s gender development occurs through the observations and imitations of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior

Answer 22

Social cognitive theory of gender

Question 23

Mothers socialization strategies relate to her _____ while fathers socialization strategy relates to his _______

Answer 23

Mother- daughter

Father- son

Question 24

Gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas and what is gender appropriate and gender appropriate in their culture

Answer 24

Gender schema theory

Question 25

Children show play preferences by the age of two, meaning they prefer to..

Answer 25

Match the toys they play with, with the gender they are

Question 26

Peer influences play preferences because children are more accepted by their peers if..

Answer 26

They play with their gender specified toys

Question 27

As for the styles of play, girls are more ______ while boys are more ______

Answer 27

Girls- cooperative

Boys- aggressive

Question 28

Gender role inventory has to do with..

Answer 28

What roles children think boys and girls should have (usually stereotypical and showed the same opinions as adults)

Question 29

She practiced genital knowledge
Studies 3-5 year olds and showed them genitals to see if they knew the difference between genders
Proved that kids were capable of understanding gender consistency

Answer 29

Sandra Bem

Question 30

She proved that 25-30% of people all ages showed androgynous traits (both male and female)

Answer 30

Sandra Bem

Question 31

The nature of child-child relationships are..

Answer 31

Egalitarian (equal)

Question 32

The nature of parent-child relationships are..

Answer 32

Asymmetrical

Question 33

Baumrind’s 4 types of parenting styles

Answer 33

Authoritarian
Authoritative
Neglectful
Indulgent/permissive

Question 34

A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.

Answer 34

Authoritarian parenting

Question 35

Very strict, firm limits, controlling, allows little verbal exchanges, might spank frequently, enforce rules rigidly without explaining them, might show anger to the child a lot

Answer 35

Authoritarian parenting

Question 36

Children of this parenting style are often unhappy, fearful, compare themselves, fail to initiate activity, weak communications skills, moody, easily annoyed, conflicted and irritable, with no goals or ambitions

Answer 36

Authoritarian parenting

Question 37

These parents encourage children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions, they communicate with the child, have give-and-take, and are warm and nurturing

Answer 37

Authoritative parenting

Question 38

Show pleasure and support in response to their children’s constructive behavior. Also expect independent, age-appropriate behavior from their children

Answer 38

Authoritative parenting

Question 39

Children of this parenting style are often cheerful, self controlled and self reliant, achievement oriented, maintain friendly relations with peers, cooperate with adults, cope well with stress, energetic, and successful

Answer 39

Authoritative parenting

Question 40

These parents are uninvolved in the child’s life and give their children the thought that they have more important things to do with their lives

Answer 40

Neglectful parenting

Question 41

Children of this parenting style are socially incompetent, poor self-control, don’t handle independence well, frequently low-self esteem, immature, may be alienated from the family, might show patterns of delinquency

Answer 41

Neglectful parenting

Question 42

These parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them and really just let them do whatever they want

Answer 42

Permissive parenting

Question 43

These parents rear their children in this way because they believe the combination of warm involvement and few restraints will produce a creative, confident child

Answer 43

Permissive parenting

Question 44

Children of this parenting style rarely learn respect for others, have difficulty controlling their behavior, domineering, unsatisfactory peer relationship, egocentric, impulsive and aggressive

Answer 44

Permissive parenting

Question 45

This type of discipline is best for a child with good moral behavior, it encourages sympathy/empathy

Answer 45

Induction

Question 46

This type of discipline uses hitting, spanking, whipping, paddling, slapping, biting, etc..

Answer 46

Corporal punishment

Question 47

Mostly the south uses this punishment

Answer 47

Corporal punishment

Question 48

Positive ways of discipline..

Answer 48

Supportive environment
Time outs
Removing privileges
Focus on praise and reward
Ignoring bad behavior

Question 49

Used 100 subjects and created 5 misdeeds then asked children what kind of punishments to use

Answer 49

Siegal & Cowen

1. induction
2. physical punishments
3. love withdrawl
4. nothing

Question 50

Behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemes

Answer 50

Sensorimotor play

Question 51

Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports

Answer 51

Practice play

Question 52

Play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol

Answer 52

Pretense/symbolic play

Question 53

Play that involves social interactions with peers

Answer 53

Social play

Question 54

Play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas

Answer 54

Constructive play