Psychology Ch. 6 Flashcards
The child’s cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child’s self conceptions
Self understanding
Early self understanding involves..
Self recognition
In early childhood, children distinguish themselves from others by..
Physical and material attributes
After children establish self awareness then they are capable of expressing..
Emotions and self consciousness
These parents monitor their child’s emotions, view their child’s negative emotions as a teaching opportunity, label their emotions, and teach them how to deal with them
Emotion-coaching parents
These parents view their role as denying, ignoring, or changing negative emotions
Emotion-dismissing parents
How you respond to, understand, react to others emotions, as well as how you use your own emotions makes up your..
Emotional intelligence
The marshmallow video showed how children are able to..
Regulate their emotions and practice delayed gratifications
Development that involves the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should in their interactions with other people
Moral development
Responding to another person’s feelings with an emotion that echoes those feelings
Empathy
Piaget concluded that children go through what two distinct stages in how they think about morality
Heteronomous morality
Autonomous morality
The first stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, occurring from approximately 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people
Heteronomous morality
The second stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, displayed by older children (10+). The child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and in judging an action, one should consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences
Autonomous morality
Heteronomous thinkers believe in ______ which is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be given immediately
Immanent justice
The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 2 or 3 years old
Gender identity
When children realize that they are going to stay their gender forever, happens at about 4 years old
Gender stability
When children show that they understand putting a dress on a boy doesn’t make him a girl, they realize altercations don’t change the gender, happens at about 5 or 6 years old
Gender consistency
Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel
Gender roles
The three social theories of gender
Social role theory
Psychoanalytic theory
Social cognitive theory
Theory that states that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men
Social role theory
The view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent and by 5 or 6 renounce this attraction due to anxiety and then identifies with the same sex parent
Psychoanalytic theory of gender
A theory that emphasizes that children’s gender development occurs through the observations and imitations of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior
Social cognitive theory of gender
Mothers socialization strategies relate to her _____ while fathers socialization strategy relates to his _______
Mother- daughter
Father- son
Gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas and what is gender appropriate and gender appropriate in their culture
Gender schema theory
Children show play preferences by the age of two, meaning they prefer to..
Match the toys they play with, with the gender they are
Peer influences play preferences because children are more accepted by their peers if..
They play with their gender specified toys
As for the styles of play, girls are more ______ while boys are more ______
Girls- cooperative
Boys- aggressive
Gender role inventory has to do with..
What roles children think boys and girls should have (usually stereotypical and showed the same opinions as adults)
She practiced genital knowledge
Studies 3-5 year olds and showed them genitals to see if they knew the difference between genders
Proved that kids were capable of understanding gender consistency
Sandra Bem
She proved that 25-30% of people all ages showed androgynous traits (both male and female)
Sandra Bem
The nature of child-child relationships are..
Egalitarian (equal)
The nature of parent-child relationships are..
Asymmetrical
Baumrind’s 4 types of parenting styles
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Neglectful
Indulgent/permissive
A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.
Authoritarian parenting
Very strict, firm limits, controlling, allows little verbal exchanges, might spank frequently, enforce rules rigidly without explaining them, might show anger to the child a lot
Authoritarian parenting
Children of this parenting style are often unhappy, fearful, compare themselves, fail to initiate activity, weak communications skills, moody, easily annoyed, conflicted and irritable, with no goals or ambitions
Authoritarian parenting
These parents encourage children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions, they communicate with the child, have give-and-take, and are warm and nurturing
Authoritative parenting
Show pleasure and support in response to their children’s constructive behavior. Also expect independent, age-appropriate behavior from their children
Authoritative parenting
Children of this parenting style are often cheerful, self controlled and self reliant, achievement oriented, maintain friendly relations with peers, cooperate with adults, cope well with stress, energetic, and successful
Authoritative parenting
These parents are uninvolved in the child’s life and give their children the thought that they have more important things to do with their lives
Neglectful parenting
Children of this parenting style are socially incompetent, poor self-control, don’t handle independence well, frequently low-self esteem, immature, may be alienated from the family, might show patterns of delinquency
Neglectful parenting
These parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them and really just let them do whatever they want
Permissive parenting
These parents rear their children in this way because they believe the combination of warm involvement and few restraints will produce a creative, confident child
Permissive parenting
Children of this parenting style rarely learn respect for others, have difficulty controlling their behavior, domineering, unsatisfactory peer relationship, egocentric, impulsive and aggressive
Permissive parenting
This type of discipline is best for a child with good moral behavior, it encourages sympathy/empathy
Induction
This type of discipline uses hitting, spanking, whipping, paddling, slapping, biting, etc..
Corporal punishment
Mostly the south uses this punishment
Corporal punishment
Positive ways of discipline..
Supportive environment Time outs Removing privileges Focus on praise and reward Ignoring bad behavior
Used 100 subjects and created 5 misdeeds then asked children what kind of punishments to use
Siegal & Cowen
- induction
- physical punishments
- love withdrawl
- nothing
Behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemes
Sensorimotor play
Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports
Practice play
Play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol
Pretense/symbolic play
Play that involves social interactions with peers
Social play
Play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas
Constructive play
