PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
define sport psychology
A
the scientific study of people and their behaviours in sport and exercise. and the practical application of that knowledge
2
Q
what are the 3 roles of a sport psychologist
A
teaching
research
consultancy
3
Q
what is a clinical psychologist
A
licensed - national boards (British psychological society) - psychologist is a protected term
work with athletes with emotional disorders and issues like eating disorders and abuse
4
Q
what is an educational psychologist
A
trained in exercise and sport science, physical education or kinesiology
good understanding of human movement
aren’t trained to work with emotional disorders/ issues
main role is to educate athletes and coaches
can be certified to practice (eg BASES)
5
Q
what are the 6 things key to effective consulting
A
information skills support proactive approach humanistic orientation learning from coaches and athletes
6
Q
how is sports psychology a science
A
systematic approach to studying question
control of variables
empirical - method
critical - lots of evaluation
7
Q
what is the goal of science
A
to generate theory
describe, explain and predict behaviour
8
Q
define theory
A
a set of inter related facts that presents a systematic view of some kind of phenomenon in order to describe, explain and predict its future occurrences
9
Q
what are the 6 steps to theory development
A
observe collect preliminary data hypothesize test the hypothesis repeat postulate the theory
10
Q
what is a study
A
involves observing or assessing variables without changing the environment in any way
eg. examine relationship between levels of motivation and running performance
11
Q
what is an experiment
A
involves manipulation and observation
examination of cause and effect
eg the use of imagery training on penalty kick accuracy
12
Q
what is psychophysiological orientation
A
physiological processes of the brain and how much they influence behaviour
assessing HR, brainwave activity, muscle action potentials and determining relationship between these and sport and exercise behaviour
application- biofeedback training
13
Q
what is social-psychological orientation
A
behaviour results from the complex interaction between the environment and ones personal makeup
application - influence of parents/ coaches on their experience in sport
14
Q
what is cognitive-behavioural orientation
A
behaviour determined by both the environment and cognition, with thoughts and interpretations playing an important role
application - modify cognitions through psychological skills such as imagery and self talk
15
Q
What is FEPSAC
A
European federation of sport psychology
16
Q
what is ISSP
A
international society of sport psychology
17
Q
what is NASPSPA
A
North American society for psychology of sport and physical activity
18
Q
goals can either be….
A
objective
subjective
19
Q
what is a subjective goal
A
a general statement of intent
eg - I want to do well in my studies
20
Q
give an example of an objective goal
A
attaining a specific standard of proficiency on a task usually within a specified time limit
eg - I want to complete my essay by Friday
21
Q
what are the 3 types of goal
A
performance
outcome
process
22
Q
what is an outcome goal
A
focus on outcome/ competitive results of events
usually based on social comparisons
eg winning a match
23
Q
what is a performance goal
A
specific end products of performance
can be achieved relatively independently of how others do
eg - finishing a round of golf 2 under par
24
Q
what is a process goal
A
specific behaviours in which the performer will engage in during performance
involve improving form, technique and strategy
eg- staying focused or maintaining power
25
what are the advantages of an outcome goal
facilitate motivation away from competition
26
what are the advantages of an performance goal
more controllable, less dependant on opponents therefore less anxious
27
what are the advantages of an performance goal
more controllable, less dependant on opponents therefore less anxious
28
what are the advantages of an process goal
more controllable, less dependant on opponents therefore less anxious
29
what are the disadvantages of an process goal
difficult to prioritise them as not exciting
30
what did research find about the effectiveness of goal setting
it is more effective when people planned and included rewards and feedback
31
what does the direct mechanistic view of goal setting suggest
proposes goals that influence performance in one of four direct ways
1. direct attention to important elements of the skill performed
2. mobilise efforts
3. Prolong persistence
4. foster development of new learning strategies
32
what does the indirect thought process view of goal setting suggest
proposes that performance is influenced by goals leading to changes in psychological factors such as
1. lowered anxiety
2. greater confidence
3. improved self regulation
4. being better at coping with failure
33
what does the indirect thought process view of goal setting suggest
proposes that performance is influenced by goals leading to changes in psychological factors
eg set goal, increase confidence, perform better
34
what does SMART targets stand for
```
specific
measurable
attainable
relevant
time based
```
35
what does specific mean in smart targets
well defined
clear & concise
unambiguous
need to know what your aiming for
36
what does measurable mean in smart targets
criteria to determine goal achievement
| also measure progress towards the goal
37
what does attainable mean in smart targets
goal should be attainable
| get balance so its not impossible to achieve but not too easy
38
what does relevant mean in smart targets
goal should be worthwhile
is it the right time to work towards this goal
does it fit in/ match my other efforts or needs
39
what does time based mean in smart targets
clearly defined timeline
start date and target date
purpose to create urgency
40
define imagery
an experience that mimics a real experience
| We are awake and conscious when we form the image unlike a dream
41
what is mental practice
the cognitive rehearsal of a task prior to performance
42
what is mental rehearsal
the cognitive rehearsal of a task in the absence of overt physical movement
43
what is visualisation
the formation of mental visual images
44
what is functional equivalence
shared neural activity patterning (particularly motor areas)
45
what are the 4 types of motivation orientation goals
mastery approach
mastery avoidance
performance approach
performance avoidance
46
give an example of mastery approach
improve my time in the park run by 5 seconds
47
give an example of mastery avoidance
don't run the park run slower than my last time
48
give an example of performance approach
finish in the top 10 of the park run
49
give an example of performance avoidance
don't finish in the bottom half of the race
50
what are the 2 perspectives of visual imagery
internal visual imagery
| external visual imagery
51
what is internal visual imagery
often referred to as 1st person perspective
viewing scenario through your own eyes
useful when wanting to practice timing of movements or experience a particular situation
52
what is external visual imagery
often referred to as 3rd person perspective
viewing yourself from someone else's perspective or watching yourself on tv
useful to see how movements should look
53
what is kinaesthetic imagery
feelings and sensations associated with the imagine
muscles contracting
breathing in cold air
feel of equipment
proprioreception of a joint position
54
what is cognitive specific imagery
imagery to to improve skills
| Eg improve golf swing
55
what is cognitive general imagery
imagery to improve plans, strategies and routines/ set plays
| eg an attacking corner in football
56
what is motivational specific imagery
imagery to motivate and increase effort levels
| eg win a competition
57
what is motivational general arousal imagery
imagery to regulate arousal anxiety and emotions
| eg psych up before a comp
58
what is motivational general mastery imagery
imagery to regulate thoughts and feelings
| eg stay focused
59
what is imagery ability
an individuals capability to form vivid controllable images and retain them for sufficient time to affect the desired imagery rehearsal
60
how to improve imagery ability
behavioural matching
training exercises
observation and demonstrations
61
what are advantages of questionnaires
cheap
easy to administer
can easily access different perspectives
direct assessment of imagery ability
62
what are the disadvantages of questionnaires
difficult to make direct comparisons between people
| self report bias/ differences between the interpretation of images experienced and rating scales
63
what are the advantages of objective measures
response is easier to compare between people/ conditions
64
what are the disadvantages of objective measures
can be expensive
training often not required
not that practical
indirect measure of imagery ability- do the responses actually reflect imagery ability
65
what does PETTLEP imagery stand for
```
Physical
Environment
Task
Timing
Learning
Emotion
Perspective
```
66
what are the 3 outcomes of imagery
facilitating the learning and performance of skills and strategies
modifying cognitions
regulating arousal and competitive anxiety
67
what is mental skills training
the learning and implementation of cognitive behavioural techniques to assist sport participants in the development of mental skills to asses, monitor and adjust their thoughts and feelings to achieve performance success and personal well being
68
how come we can always do mental skills training
due to the neuroplasticity of our brain
69
define self regulation
the extent to which an individual is able to guide their thoughts, feelings and behaviours to reach goals
70
describe some qualities of a low self regulator
unaware of their mental strengths
Relies on others for direction/ control of mood
other people responsible for their success/failure
lacks self control
won't attend without lots of forceful encouragement
71
describe some qualities of a high self regulator
uses variety of mental skills/ techniques
self aware of thoughts, feelings, emotions
high level of self control
can organise themselves & set goals
will attend training without much encouragement
72
what are the 2 parts of self regulation
meta cognition
| self control
73
what is meta cognition
thinking about thinking
ability to regulate thinking
identify and monitor strengths and weaknesses
incorporate mental techniques and skills where necessary
74
what is self control
will power
| overcome habits and distractions to reach goals
75
what was bandoras self regulation model
performance golas --> self evaluative reactions --> self efficacy beliefs
76
what was Zimmermans self regulation model
forethought
performance control
self reflection
77
techniques to facilitate self regulation
implementation intention
| if thens
78
define arousal
a state of activation that varies on a continuum from deep sleep to intense excitement
79
define anxiety
negative emotional state with feelings of nervousness & worry associated with activation or arousal if the body
80
what is trait anxiety
GENERAL feelings of anxiety across situations
also called A trait
Personality characteristic
81
what is state anxiety
SITUATIONAL feelings of apprehension or tension
also called A state
temporary & situation specific
82
what are the 2 types of anxiety
cognitive
| somatic
83
what is cognitive anxiety
the mental component of anxiety
| worry, negative thoughts, nervousness/ apprehension
84
what is somatic anxiety
perception of physical state
| increased respiration, sweating, increased HR, physiological nervousness (shaking)
85
how to measure anxiety
changes in HR, respiration, cortisol etc..
| self report questionnaires
86
what are advantages of measuring anxiety physiologically
direct comparisons
| quantifiable values
87
what are disadvantages of measuring anxiety physiologically
expensive
require training
response not always refection of anxiety
88
what is anxiety intensity
how much anxiety one feels
89
what is anxiety direction
ones interpretation of anxiety as being facilitative or debilitative to performance
90
what is the drive theory
arousal increases the likelihood that the dominant response will occur
effects on performance depend on the skill level- skilled performer will have better dominant response than a beginner
high arousal leads to dominant response
performance = habit (skill level) x drive (arousal)
91
what is inverted u theory
increased arousal improves performance up to a point but then further increases impair performance
optimal arousal levels vary from person to person depending on the task
92
what are the individual zones of optimal functioning
each athlete has a zone of optimal anxiety in which he/ she performs best
optimal level so not a single point but a bandwidth
93
what is the multidimensional model of anxiety theory
distinguishes between cognitive and somatic anxiety
94
what is catastrophe theory
once disruption occurs athletes have to regain control of arousal
95
what are limitations to drive theory
too simplistic
can't explain why elite athletes sometimes choke under pressure
can't explain why beginners often excel when under pressure
96
what are limitations to inverted U theory
unlikely that performance decreases in a smooth descending arc
over arousal more likely to lead to vertical plummet
97
what are limitations to individual zones of optimal functioning
doesn't explain why some people perform better when in certain emotional states and others don't
98
what are limitations to multidimensional model
assumes cognitive anxiety is bad
| assumes there is a smooth decline in performance
99
what are limitations to catastrophe theory
very difficult to test and research
| how can you recreate that intense arousal level with an experimental setting
100
how does arousal influence performance
high muscle tension & coordination difficulties
- high anxiety leads to muscle soreness, aches, pains that interfere with coordination
- use more muscular energy
attention & concentration changes
- narrowing of attention
- shift to dominant style
- attend to inappropriate cues
101
what is self confidence
how SURE you are of something
the belief you can successfully perform a behaviour
Thought to be stable and trait like
102
what is self esteem
sense of SELF WORTH
situation specific self confidence
the perception of ones ability to perform a specific task successfully
not concerned with actual skills but persons belief of what they can do with those skills
103
what are the sources of self efficacy
```
performance accomplishments
vicarious experiences
verbal persuasion
emotional arousal
imaginal experiences
physiological states
```
104
what are performance accomplishments
```
most dependable source for self efficacy
based on mastery experiences
effectiveness depends on...
1. perceived difficulty of task
2. amount of guidance
3. patterns of success and failure (success increases self efficacy)
```
105
what is vicarious experiences
```
demonstrating or modelling
helps to learn new skills
important when observes have never performed the task
modelling is a 4 stage process
1. attention
2. retention
3. motor production
4. motivation
```
106
what is verbal persuasion
techniques include evaluative feeeback, expectations by others and self talk
can also increase enjoyment, reduce effort
difficult to install strong self efficacy through persuasion alone
effectiveness depends on...
how trusting are they
how much you value their opinion
107
what are the types of self talk
positive
instructional
negative
108
what are physiological states
the perceptions individuals have over their physiological state
eg heart racing is perceived with poor performance/ failure - lower self efficacy
109
what are imaginal experiences
imagining themselves or others behaving effectively or ineffectively in situations
see and feel themselves demonstrating confidence
can be useful if behaviour hasn't been performed before
110
what are emotional states
when emotions and mood are associated with poor performance and perceived failure it leads to lower self efficacy
if emotions are perceived to be facilitative, self efficacy improved
need to feel in right state of mind
111
define leadership
the process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal
112
what are some characteristics of a good leader
```
create a sense of vision for the group
motivate others
achieve results
generate optimism and trust others
develop other leaders in the group
```
113
what are 3 approaches to studying leadership
trait approach
behavioural approach
interactionist approach
114
what is the trait approach
traits common to great leaders
successful leaders have certain personality characteristics that make it likely they will be great leaders no matter what situation
115
what is the behavioural approach
anyone can become a leader if they learn the right behaviours
116
what is CBAS
to objectively assess the behaviour of coaches in a. natural setting
developed by smith and small
consists of 2 major classes of behaviour - reactive and spontaneous
117
what are reactive behaviours
responses to a specific player behaviour
reinforcement- responses to desirable performance
responses to mistakes
keeping control
```
mistake contingent encouragement
mistake contingent technical instruction
punishment
punitive technical instruction
ignoring mistakes
```
118
what are spontaneous behaviours
```
initiated by coach- not in response to an event
general technical instruction
general encouragement
organisation
general communication
```
119
what were finding's of CBAS research
most positive outcomes occurred when coaches use reinforcement for effort and performance
and responded to mistakes with encouragement and technical instruction
children liked these coaches more and had more fun
120
what is interactionist approach
considers interaction between people and their environmental/ situational constraints
no one set of characteristics ensures successful leadership
leadership style can be changed to meet demands of situation
effective leaders match their style to situation
121
what is the cognitive meditational model of leadership
coach leadership behaviours are a function of their own personal characteristics, which are mediated by situational factors and the meaning athletes attribute to those factors
players attitudes towards coach and sport are affected by perception and recall of coaches behaviours
122
what is the multidimensional model of sport leadership
effective leaders will vary across specific contexts as characteristics of athletes and constraints of the situation dictate
123
what are the 2 leadership outcomes in multidimensional model of sport leadership
performance and satisfaction
| optimal performance and satisfaction are achieved when a leaders required, preferred and actual behaviours match
124
what is the leadership scale for sport (LSS)
```
To what degree does your coach use...
training and instruction
democratic behaviour
autocratic behaviour
social support
positive feedback
```
125
what is physical activity
bodily movement
energy expenditure
variations in energy expenditure
positively correlated with physical fitness
126
what is exercise
bodily movement
energy expenditure
variations in energy expenditure
positively correlated with physical fitness
planned, structured and repetitive bodily movement
aim to improve or maintain fitness
127
what is an objective assessment
gives indication of intensity
| no information about types of activities
128
what is a subjective assessment
gives information about types of activities
| relies on recall
129
define sport
an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment
130
what is in health related fitness
```
cardiorespiratory endurance
muscular endurance
muscular strength
body composition
flexibility
```
131
what is in skill related fitness
```
agility
balance
coordination
speed
power
reaction time
```
132
what Is anxiety
unrealistic and unfounded fear
panic disorder- episode attacks/ acute anxiety
physical symptoms- shortness of breath, dizziness, increased HR, clammy, sweaty, faintness
133
what is depression
pathological state of extreme dejection or melancholy often with physical symptoms
reduction in vitality, vigour or spirits
134
define fatigue
is extreme tiredness, reduction in efficiency of a muscle or organ after prolonged activity
135
what is achievement goal theory
people engage in achievement situations to develop or demonstrate competence. Any context where we try to accomplish or achieve something is achievement context.
136
what is self referenced
ability is conceived as improvement
| eg learn a new shot at hockey
137
what is other referenced
ability is conceived as capacity
| eg best hockey player in the club
138
what is task involvement
self referenced perceptions of competence
focus on learning, personal progress
how can I best acquire this skill/ master this task
139
what is ego involvement
other referenced perceptions of competence
focus on out performing others
am I good enough, am I better than others?
140
goal involvement
goal at specific moment in time
141
goal orientation
tendency to adopt certain goal
142
what is motivational climate
the social situation created by the coach/ other athletes with regard to achievement goal orientations.
143
what is self determination theory
* An approach to human motivation and personality, that highlights the importance of humans’ evolved inner resources for personality development and behavioural self-regulation
* Focuses on the why of behaviour
144
what are the types of motivation
intrinsically motivated
extrinsically motivated
amotivated
145
what is Intrinsically motivated
experience fun
curiosity
learn new things
develop competencies
146
what is extrinsically motivated
achieving desirable outcomes
| social/ material rewards
147
what is amotivated
Lack of motivation
Absence of intrinsic or extrinsic
No viable reason for behaviour
148
what are the 3 basic psychological needs
Competence
Autonomy
Relatedness
149
what is competence
desire to be effective and develop skills/ abilities
| I have self belief
150
what is autonomy
desire to have choice/ free will and/ or a sense of self driven motivation to complete tasks
I have choice
151
what is relatedness
desire to belong and be connected to others
| I have support from others
152
what are characteristics of an empowering motivational climate
task involving climate
coach focuses on effort/ progress
autonomy supportive
socially supportive
153
what are characteristics of a disempowering motivational climate
ego involving climate
emphasis on performance/ social comparison
not autonomy or socially supportive
154
what model describes determinants of physical activity
ecological model
Integration of different behavioural theories and models
Inter-relationships between individuals and their environment
Social & physical environment
155
what are correlates
Statistical associations, no causality
156
what are determinants
longitudinal research, causal associations
157
why do people not exercise
* Time
* Energy
* Motivation
* Cost
* Illness
* Injury
* Lack of facilities
* Lack of child-care
158
what is the transtheoretical model
```
pre contemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
termination
```
159
what are some strategies to increase chance of exercise
```
behavioural modification
cognitive behavioural
decision making
social support
reinforcement
intrinsic
```
160
give some examples of behaviour modification
behavioural contract- eg goals, dates, consequences
prompts- cue that initiates a behaviour
verbal, physical, symbolic
161
give some examples of cognitive behavioural approaches
internal events ie thinking have an important role in behaviour change
eg goal setting
162
give some examples of decision making approaches
cost vs benefit analysis
| weigh up pros and cons
163
give some examples of social support
family and friends
can remind u
act as a role model
pay for equipment/ travel
164
give some examples of reinforcement
feedback
| rewards
