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PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

define sport psychology

A

the scientific study of people and their behaviours in sport and exercise. and the practical application of that knowledge

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2
Q

what are the 3 roles of a sport psychologist

A

teaching
research
consultancy

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3
Q

what is a clinical psychologist

A

licensed - national boards (British psychological society) - psychologist is a protected term

work with athletes with emotional disorders and issues like eating disorders and abuse

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4
Q

what is an educational psychologist

A

trained in exercise and sport science, physical education or kinesiology

good understanding of human movement

aren’t trained to work with emotional disorders/ issues

main role is to educate athletes and coaches

can be certified to practice (eg BASES)

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5
Q

what are the 6 things key to effective consulting

A 
information
skills
support
proactive approach
humanistic orientation
learning from coaches and athletes
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6
Q

how is sports psychology a science

A

systematic approach to studying question
control of variables
empirical - method
critical - lots of evaluation

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7
Q

what is the goal of science

A

to generate theory

describe, explain and predict behaviour

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8
Q

define theory

A

a set of inter related facts that presents a systematic view of some kind of phenomenon in order to describe, explain and predict its future occurrences

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9
Q

what are the 6 steps to theory development

A 
observe
collect preliminary data
hypothesize
test the hypothesis
repeat
postulate the theory
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10
Q

what is a study

A

involves observing or assessing variables without changing the environment in any way

eg. examine relationship between levels of motivation and running performance

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11
Q

what is an experiment

A

involves manipulation and observation
examination of cause and effect
eg the use of imagery training on penalty kick accuracy

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12
Q

what is psychophysiological orientation

A

physiological processes of the brain and how much they influence behaviour

assessing HR, brainwave activity, muscle action potentials and determining relationship between these and sport and exercise behaviour

application- biofeedback training

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13
Q

what is social-psychological orientation

A

behaviour results from the complex interaction between the environment and ones personal makeup

application - influence of parents/ coaches on their experience in sport

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14
Q

what is cognitive-behavioural orientation

A

behaviour determined by both the environment and cognition, with thoughts and interpretations playing an important role

application - modify cognitions through psychological skills such as imagery and self talk

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15
Q

What is FEPSAC

A

European federation of sport psychology

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16
Q

what is ISSP

A

international society of sport psychology

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17
Q

what is NASPSPA

A

North American society for psychology of sport and physical activity

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18
Q

goals can either be….

A

objective

subjective

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19
Q

what is a subjective goal

A

a general statement of intent

eg - I want to do well in my studies

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20
Q

give an example of an objective goal

A

attaining a specific standard of proficiency on a task usually within a specified time limit
eg - I want to complete my essay by Friday

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21
Q

what are the 3 types of goal

A

performance
outcome
process

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22
Q

what is an outcome goal

A

focus on outcome/ competitive results of events
usually based on social comparisons
eg winning a match

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23
Q

what is a performance goal

A

specific end products of performance
can be achieved relatively independently of how others do
eg - finishing a round of golf 2 under par

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24
Q

what is a process goal

A

specific behaviours in which the performer will engage in during performance
involve improving form, technique and strategy
eg- staying focused or maintaining power

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25
Q

what are the advantages of an outcome goal

A

facilitate motivation away from competition

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26
Q

what are the advantages of an performance goal

A

more controllable, less dependant on opponents therefore less anxious

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27
Q

what are the advantages of an performance goal

A

more controllable, less dependant on opponents therefore less anxious

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28
Q

what are the advantages of an process goal

A

more controllable, less dependant on opponents therefore less anxious

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29
Q

what are the disadvantages of an process goal

A

difficult to prioritise them as not exciting

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30
Q

what did research find about the effectiveness of goal setting

A

it is more effective when people planned and included rewards and feedback

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31
Q

what does the direct mechanistic view of goal setting suggest

A

proposes goals that influence performance in one of four direct ways

  1. direct attention to important elements of the skill performed
  2. mobilise efforts
  3. Prolong persistence
  4. foster development of new learning strategies
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32
Q

what does the indirect thought process view of goal setting suggest

A

proposes that performance is influenced by goals leading to changes in psychological factors such as

  1. lowered anxiety
  2. greater confidence
  3. improved self regulation
  4. being better at coping with failure
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33
Q

what does the indirect thought process view of goal setting suggest

A

proposes that performance is influenced by goals leading to changes in psychological factors
eg set goal, increase confidence, perform better

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34
Q

what does SMART targets stand for

A 
specific
measurable 
attainable 
relevant
time based
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35
Q

what does specific mean in smart targets

A

well defined
clear & concise
unambiguous
need to know what your aiming for

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36
Q

what does measurable mean in smart targets

A

criteria to determine goal achievement

also measure progress towards the goal

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37
Q

what does attainable mean in smart targets

A

goal should be attainable

get balance so its not impossible to achieve but not too easy

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38
Q

what does relevant mean in smart targets

A

goal should be worthwhile
is it the right time to work towards this goal
does it fit in/ match my other efforts or needs

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39
Q

what does time based mean in smart targets

A

clearly defined timeline
start date and target date
purpose to create urgency

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40
Q

define imagery

A

an experience that mimics a real experience

We are awake and conscious when we form the image unlike a dream

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41
Q

what is mental practice

A

the cognitive rehearsal of a task prior to performance

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42
Q

what is mental rehearsal

A

the cognitive rehearsal of a task in the absence of overt physical movement

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43
Q

what is visualisation

A

the formation of mental visual images

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44
Q

what is functional equivalence

A

shared neural activity patterning (particularly motor areas)

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45
Q

what are the 4 types of motivation orientation goals

A

mastery approach
mastery avoidance
performance approach
performance avoidance

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46
Q

give an example of mastery approach

A

improve my time in the park run by 5 seconds

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47
Q

give an example of mastery avoidance

A

don’t run the park run slower than my last time

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48
Q

give an example of performance approach

A

finish in the top 10 of the park run

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49
Q

give an example of performance avoidance

A

don’t finish in the bottom half of the race

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50
Q

what are the 2 perspectives of visual imagery

A

internal visual imagery

external visual imagery

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51
Q

what is internal visual imagery

A

often referred to as 1st person perspective

viewing scenario through your own eyes

useful when wanting to practice timing of movements or experience a particular situation

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52
Q

what is external visual imagery

A

often referred to as 3rd person perspective

viewing yourself from someone else’s perspective or watching yourself on tv

useful to see how movements should look

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53
Q

what is kinaesthetic imagery

A

feelings and sensations associated with the imagine

muscles contracting
breathing in cold air
feel of equipment
proprioreception of a joint position

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54
Q

what is cognitive specific imagery

A

imagery to to improve skills

Eg improve golf swing

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55
Q

what is cognitive general imagery

A

imagery to improve plans, strategies and routines/ set plays

eg an attacking corner in football

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56
Q

what is motivational specific imagery

A

imagery to motivate and increase effort levels

eg win a competition

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57
Q

what is motivational general arousal imagery

A

imagery to regulate arousal anxiety and emotions

eg psych up before a comp

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58
Q

what is motivational general mastery imagery

A

imagery to regulate thoughts and feelings

eg stay focused

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59
Q

what is imagery ability

A

an individuals capability to form vivid controllable images and retain them for sufficient time to affect the desired imagery rehearsal

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60
Q

how to improve imagery ability

A

behavioural matching
training exercises
observation and demonstrations

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61
Q

what are advantages of questionnaires

A

cheap
easy to administer
can easily access different perspectives
direct assessment of imagery ability

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62
Q

what are the disadvantages of questionnaires

A

difficult to make direct comparisons between people

self report bias/ differences between the interpretation of images experienced and rating scales

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63
Q

what are the advantages of objective measures

A

response is easier to compare between people/ conditions

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64
Q

what are the disadvantages of objective measures

A

can be expensive
training often not required
not that practical
indirect measure of imagery ability- do the responses actually reflect imagery ability

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65
Q

what does PETTLEP imagery stand for

A 
Physical
Environment
Task
Timing
Learning
Emotion
Perspective
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66
Q

what are the 3 outcomes of imagery

A

facilitating the learning and performance of skills and strategies
modifying cognitions
regulating arousal and competitive anxiety

67
Q

what is mental skills training

A

the learning and implementation of cognitive behavioural techniques to assist sport participants in the development of mental skills to asses, monitor and adjust their thoughts and feelings to achieve performance success and personal well being

68
Q

how come we can always do mental skills training

A

due to the neuroplasticity of our brain

69
Q

define self regulation

A

the extent to which an individual is able to guide their thoughts, feelings and behaviours to reach goals

70
Q

describe some qualities of a low self regulator

A

unaware of their mental strengths
Relies on others for direction/ control of mood
other people responsible for their success/failure
lacks self control
won’t attend without lots of forceful encouragement

71
Q

describe some qualities of a high self regulator

A

uses variety of mental skills/ techniques
self aware of thoughts, feelings, emotions
high level of self control
can organise themselves & set goals
will attend training without much encouragement

72
Q

what are the 2 parts of self regulation

A

meta cognition

self control

73
Q

what is meta cognition

A

thinking about thinking
ability to regulate thinking
identify and monitor strengths and weaknesses
incorporate mental techniques and skills where necessary

74
Q

what is self control

A

will power

overcome habits and distractions to reach goals

75
Q

what was bandoras self regulation model

A

performance golas –> self evaluative reactions –> self efficacy beliefs

76
Q

what was Zimmermans self regulation model

A

forethought
performance control
self reflection

77
Q

techniques to facilitate self regulation

A

implementation intention

if thens

78
Q

define arousal

A

a state of activation that varies on a continuum from deep sleep to intense excitement

79
Q

define anxiety

A

negative emotional state with feelings of nervousness & worry associated with activation or arousal if the body

80
Q

what is trait anxiety

A

GENERAL feelings of anxiety across situations
also called A trait
Personality characteristic

81
Q

what is state anxiety

A

SITUATIONAL feelings of apprehension or tension
also called A state
temporary & situation specific

82
Q

what are the 2 types of anxiety

A

cognitive

somatic

83
Q

what is cognitive anxiety

A

the mental component of anxiety

worry, negative thoughts, nervousness/ apprehension

84
Q

what is somatic anxiety

A

perception of physical state

increased respiration, sweating, increased HR, physiological nervousness (shaking)

85
Q

how to measure anxiety

A

changes in HR, respiration, cortisol etc..

self report questionnaires

86
Q

what are advantages of measuring anxiety physiologically

A

direct comparisons

quantifiable values

87
Q

what are disadvantages of measuring anxiety physiologically

A

expensive
require training
response not always refection of anxiety

88
Q

what is anxiety intensity

A

how much anxiety one feels

89
Q

what is anxiety direction

A

ones interpretation of anxiety as being facilitative or debilitative to performance

90
Q

what is the drive theory

A

arousal increases the likelihood that the dominant response will occur
effects on performance depend on the skill level- skilled performer will have better dominant response than a beginner
high arousal leads to dominant response

performance = habit (skill level) x drive (arousal)

91
Q

what is inverted u theory

A

increased arousal improves performance up to a point but then further increases impair performance
optimal arousal levels vary from person to person depending on the task

92
Q

what are the individual zones of optimal functioning

A

each athlete has a zone of optimal anxiety in which he/ she performs best
optimal level so not a single point but a bandwidth

93
Q

what is the multidimensional model of anxiety theory

A

distinguishes between cognitive and somatic anxiety

94
Q

what is catastrophe theory

A

once disruption occurs athletes have to regain control of arousal

95
Q

what are limitations to drive theory

A

too simplistic
can’t explain why elite athletes sometimes choke under pressure
can’t explain why beginners often excel when under pressure

96
Q

what are limitations to inverted U theory

A

unlikely that performance decreases in a smooth descending arc
over arousal more likely to lead to vertical plummet

97
Q

what are limitations to individual zones of optimal functioning

A

doesn’t explain why some people perform better when in certain emotional states and others don’t

98
Q

what are limitations to multidimensional model

A

assumes cognitive anxiety is bad

assumes there is a smooth decline in performance

99
Q

what are limitations to catastrophe theory

A

very difficult to test and research

how can you recreate that intense arousal level with an experimental setting

100
Q

how does arousal influence performance

A

high muscle tension & coordination difficulties

  • high anxiety leads to muscle soreness, aches, pains that interfere with coordination
  • use more muscular energy

attention & concentration changes

  • narrowing of attention
  • shift to dominant style
  • attend to inappropriate cues
101
Q

what is self confidence

A

how SURE you are of something
the belief you can successfully perform a behaviour
Thought to be stable and trait like

102
Q

what is self esteem

A

sense of SELF WORTH
situation specific self confidence
the perception of ones ability to perform a specific task successfully
not concerned with actual skills but persons belief of what they can do with those skills

103
Q

what are the sources of self efficacy

A 
performance accomplishments
vicarious experiences
verbal persuasion
emotional arousal
imaginal experiences
physiological states
104
Q

what are performance accomplishments

A 
most dependable source for self efficacy
based on mastery experiences
effectiveness depends on...
1. perceived difficulty of task
2. amount of guidance
3. patterns of success and failure (success increases self efficacy)
105
Q

what is vicarious experiences

A 
demonstrating or modelling
helps to learn new skills
important when observes have never performed the task
modelling is a 4 stage process
1. attention
2. retention
3. motor production
4. motivation
106
Q

what is verbal persuasion

A

techniques include evaluative feeeback, expectations by others and self talk
can also increase enjoyment, reduce effort
difficult to install strong self efficacy through persuasion alone
effectiveness depends on…
how trusting are they
how much you value their opinion

107
Q

what are the types of self talk

A

positive
instructional
negative

108
Q

what are physiological states

A

the perceptions individuals have over their physiological state
eg heart racing is perceived with poor performance/ failure - lower self efficacy

109
Q

what are imaginal experiences

A

imagining themselves or others behaving effectively or ineffectively in situations
see and feel themselves demonstrating confidence
can be useful if behaviour hasn’t been performed before

110
Q

what are emotional states

A

when emotions and mood are associated with poor performance and perceived failure it leads to lower self efficacy
if emotions are perceived to be facilitative, self efficacy improved
need to feel in right state of mind

111
Q

define leadership

A

the process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal

112
Q

what are some characteristics of a good leader

A 
create a sense of vision for the group
motivate others 
achieve results
generate optimism and trust others
develop other leaders in the group
113
Q

what are 3 approaches to studying leadership

A

trait approach
behavioural approach
interactionist approach

114
Q

what is the trait approach

A

traits common to great leaders
successful leaders have certain personality characteristics that make it likely they will be great leaders no matter what situation

115
Q

what is the behavioural approach

A

anyone can become a leader if they learn the right behaviours

116
Q

what is CBAS

A

to objectively assess the behaviour of coaches in a. natural setting
developed by smith and small
consists of 2 major classes of behaviour - reactive and spontaneous

117
Q

what are reactive behaviours

A

responses to a specific player behaviour
reinforcement- responses to desirable performance
responses to mistakes
keeping control

mistake contingent encouragement 
mistake contingent technical instruction
punishment
punitive technical instruction
ignoring mistakes
118
Q

what are spontaneous behaviours

A 
initiated by coach- not in response to an event 
general technical instruction
general encouragement 
organisation
general communication
119
Q

what were finding’s of CBAS research

A

most positive outcomes occurred when coaches use reinforcement for effort and performance
and responded to mistakes with encouragement and technical instruction
children liked these coaches more and had more fun

120
Q

what is interactionist approach

A

considers interaction between people and their environmental/ situational constraints
no one set of characteristics ensures successful leadership
leadership style can be changed to meet demands of situation
effective leaders match their style to situation

121
Q

what is the cognitive meditational model of leadership

A

coach leadership behaviours are a function of their own personal characteristics, which are mediated by situational factors and the meaning athletes attribute to those factors
players attitudes towards coach and sport are affected by perception and recall of coaches behaviours

122
Q

what is the multidimensional model of sport leadership

A

effective leaders will vary across specific contexts as characteristics of athletes and constraints of the situation dictate

123
Q

what are the 2 leadership outcomes in multidimensional model of sport leadership

A

performance and satisfaction

optimal performance and satisfaction are achieved when a leaders required, preferred and actual behaviours match

124
Q

what is the leadership scale for sport (LSS)

A 
To what degree does your coach use...
training and instruction
democratic behaviour
autocratic behaviour 
social support
positive feedback
125
Q

what is physical activity

A

bodily movement
energy expenditure
variations in energy expenditure
positively correlated with physical fitness

126
Q

what is exercise

A

bodily movement
energy expenditure
variations in energy expenditure
positively correlated with physical fitness
planned, structured and repetitive bodily movement
aim to improve or maintain fitness

127
Q

what is an objective assessment

A

gives indication of intensity

no information about types of activities

128
Q

what is a subjective assessment

A

gives information about types of activities

relies on recall

129
Q

define sport

A

an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment

130
Q

what is in health related fitness

A 
cardiorespiratory endurance 
muscular endurance
muscular strength
body composition 
flexibility
131
Q

what is in skill related fitness

A 
agility 
balance 
coordination 
speed
power
reaction time
132
Q

what Is anxiety

A

unrealistic and unfounded fear
panic disorder- episode attacks/ acute anxiety
physical symptoms- shortness of breath, dizziness, increased HR, clammy, sweaty, faintness

133
Q

what is depression

A

pathological state of extreme dejection or melancholy often with physical symptoms
reduction in vitality, vigour or spirits

134
Q

define fatigue

A

is extreme tiredness, reduction in efficiency of a muscle or organ after prolonged activity

135
Q

what is achievement goal theory

A

people engage in achievement situations to develop or demonstrate competence. Any context where we try to accomplish or achieve something is achievement context.

136
Q

what is self referenced

A

ability is conceived as improvement

eg learn a new shot at hockey

137
Q

what is other referenced

A

ability is conceived as capacity

eg best hockey player in the club

138
Q

what is task involvement

A

self referenced perceptions of competence
focus on learning, personal progress
how can I best acquire this skill/ master this task

139
Q

what is ego involvement

A

other referenced perceptions of competence
focus on out performing others
am I good enough, am I better than others?

140
Q

goal involvement

A

goal at specific moment in time

141
Q

goal orientation

A

tendency to adopt certain goal

142
Q

what is motivational climate

A

the social situation created by the coach/ other athletes with regard to achievement goal orientations.

143
Q

what is self determination theory

A
  • An approach to human motivation and personality, that highlights the importance of humans’ evolved inner resources for personality development and behavioural self-regulation
  • Focuses on the why of behaviour
144
Q

what are the types of motivation

A

intrinsically motivated
extrinsically motivated
amotivated

145
Q

what is Intrinsically motivated

A

experience fun
curiosity
learn new things
develop competencies

146
Q

what is extrinsically motivated

A

achieving desirable outcomes

social/ material rewards

147
Q

what is amotivated

A

Lack of motivation
Absence of intrinsic or extrinsic
No viable reason for behaviour

148
Q

what are the 3 basic psychological needs

A

Competence
Autonomy
Relatedness

149
Q

what is competence

A

desire to be effective and develop skills/ abilities

I have self belief

150
Q

what is autonomy

A

desire to have choice/ free will and/ or a sense of self driven motivation to complete tasks
I have choice

151
Q

what is relatedness

A

desire to belong and be connected to others

I have support from others

152
Q

what are characteristics of an empowering motivational climate

A

task involving climate
coach focuses on effort/ progress
autonomy supportive
socially supportive

153
Q

what are characteristics of a disempowering motivational climate

A

ego involving climate
emphasis on performance/ social comparison
not autonomy or socially supportive

154
Q

what model describes determinants of physical activity

A

ecological model
 Integration of different behavioural theories and models
 Inter-relationships between individuals and their environment
Social & physical environment

155
Q

what are correlates

A

Statistical associations, no causality

156
Q

what are determinants

A

longitudinal research, causal associations

157
Q

why do people not exercise

A
  • Time
  • Energy
  • Motivation
  • Cost
  • Illness
  • Injury
  • Lack of facilities
  • Lack of child-care
158
Q

what is the transtheoretical model

A 
pre contemplation 
contemplation
preparation 
action
maintenance
termination
159
Q

what are some strategies to increase chance of exercise

A 
behavioural modification
cognitive behavioural
decision making
social support
reinforcement
intrinsic
160
Q

give some examples of behaviour modification

A

behavioural contract- eg goals, dates, consequences

prompts- cue that initiates a behaviour
verbal, physical, symbolic

161
Q

give some examples of cognitive behavioural approaches

A

internal events ie thinking have an important role in behaviour change
eg goal setting

162
Q

give some examples of decision making approaches

A

cost vs benefit analysis

weigh up pros and cons

163
Q

give some examples of social support

A

family and friends
can remind u
act as a role model
pay for equipment/ travel

164
Q

give some examples of reinforcement

A

feedback

rewards

SPORT SCIENCE (9 decks)

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