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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY Flashcards

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1
Q

Define anterior

A

facing towards front

located at the front

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2
Q

Define posterior

A

facing towards the back

located at the back

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3
Q

Define medial

A

closer to the bodies midline

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4
Q

Define lateral

A

Further from the bodies mid line

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5
Q

Define deep

A

On inside
nearer inside
eg heart

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6
Q

Define superficial

A

On outside
nearer outside
eg skin

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7
Q

Define superior

A

located at top

facing top

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8
Q

Define inferior

A

located at bottom

facing bottom

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9
Q

Define proximal

A

Closer to trunk or major point

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10
Q

Define distal

A

Further away from trunk or major point

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11
Q

Define unilateral

A

One side

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12
Q

Define bilateral

A

Both sides

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13
Q

Define ipsilateral

A

Same side

eg lifting right arm and right leg

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14
Q

Define contralateral

A

Opposite side

eg lifting right arm and left leg

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15
Q

What is the anatomical position

A 
stood upright
legs together
toes forward
arms by side
face and palms forward
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16
Q

What is the frontal plane

A

Divides body into front and back

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17
Q

What movements happen at frontal plane

A

abduction

adduction

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18
Q

What is the sagittal plane

A

splits body into right and left sides

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19
Q

what movements occur at the sagittal plane

A

flexion

extension

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20
Q

What is the transverse/ horizontal plane

A

Divides body into top half and bottom half

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21
Q

What movements occur at the transverse/ horizontal plane

A

Lateral/external rotation

medial/internal rotation

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22
Q

Define pronation

A

palm to sky –> palm down

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23
Q

Define supination

A

palm down –> palm to sky

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24
Q

Define lateral/ external rotation

A

Rotation of a body part outwards

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25
Q

Define medial/ internal rotation

A

Rotation of a body part inwards

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26
Q

What is the horizontal/ transverse axis

A

through hips
goes from left to right
allow you to do a forward roll

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27
Q

What is the vertical/ longitudinal axis

A

goes from head to toe

allows ice skating spin

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28
Q

What is the saggital/ anteroposterior (AP) axis

A

Goes from front to back
through belly button
allows cartwheel

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29
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Connective

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30
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline (end of bones)
Fibro (discs in spine)
Elastic (ears)

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31
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage

A

Covers end of articular surfaces
Reduces friction
absorbs shock

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32
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage

A

Forms discs and rings between joints

eg spine

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33
Q

what are the 3 types of dense connective tissue (CT)

A 
Dense regular CT (ligament & tendon)
Dense irregular CT (joint capsule)
Elastic CT (lungs)
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34
Q

What is the function of dense regular CT

A

Provides strong attachment between structures

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35
Q

Examples of dense regular CT

A

Ligament - attach bone to bone
stabilise joints
restrict excessive motion

Tendon - attach muscle to bone

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36
Q

What is the function of dense irregular CT

A

Provides strength in multiple directions

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37
Q

Examples of dense irregular CT

A

Deep fascia - sheet of connective tissue surrounding & protecting muscles
Can hold muscles together and separate them into functional groups

Joint capsule - envelope surrounding synovial joint

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38
Q

What are the skeletal functions

A 
Support
Movement
Protection
Production
Storage of minerals (calcium & phosphate)
Endocrine regulation (osteocalcin)
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39
Q

How many bones are we born with

A

270

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40
Q

How many bones do we have as an adult

A

206

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41
Q

what are the 2 sections of skeleton

A

axial

appendicular

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42
Q

what creates axial

A 
Sternum
12 ribs
Cranium
Mandible
Spine
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43
Q

what creates appendicular

A

Upper limb

Lower limb

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44
Q

Name the different types of bones

A 
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones (patella)
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45
Q

Whats an advantage of a long bone

A

Provides excellent leavers

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46
Q

Whats an advantage of a short bone

A

Finer movement and stability

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47
Q

What is an advantage of a flat bone

A

Greater protection

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48
Q

What is diapsis

A

the shaft of a bone

the central cavity containing yellow bone marrow

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49
Q

What is epiphysis

A

the end of a bone

higher % of spongey bone & bone marrow

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50
Q

What is metaphysis

A

The middle of the bone

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51
Q

What is osteogenesis

A

the growth of a bone

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52
Q

What are the phases of bone remodelling

A

activation
resorption
reversal
formation

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53
Q

What is an osteum

A

basic unit of structure for a compact bone

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54
Q

What does synarthroses mean

A

immovable joint

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55
Q

what does amphiarthroses mean

A

slightly moveable joint

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56
Q

what does diarthroses mean

A

freely moveable joint

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57
Q

What does uniaxial mean

A

moves in 1 plane

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58
Q

what does biaxel mean

A

moves in 2 planes

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59
Q

what does multiaxal mean

A

moves in all planes

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60
Q

what do the bursa do

A

little bags of fluid that reduce friction

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61
Q

what does the articular capsule do

A

fibrous stable surfaced to support joint

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62
Q

what does the synovial membrane do

A

secretes synovial fluid into joint

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63
Q

what are the functions of muscles

A 
Produce movement
Maintain posture and positions
Protection
Heat production
Drive circulatory system (vascular pump)
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64
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Smooth (blood vessels)
Cardiac (heart)
Skeletal

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65
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

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66
Q

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

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67
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary

A

voluntary

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68
Q

What is the balloonist theory

A

muscles swell when contracting

therefore the volume of muscle increases when contracting

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69
Q

what is a muscle fascicle

A

Muscle fibres are in bundles called muscle fascicles

Each fibre can individually contract

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70
Q

What is a tendon-osseus junction

A

the side of a tendon that attaches to the bone

where it attaches is the tendon-osseus junction

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71
Q

what is a muscle-tendinous junction

A

the side of a tendon that attaches to the muscle

where it attaches is the musculo-tendinous junction

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72
Q

what is aponeurosis

A

where 2 diagonal tendons meet/ come together

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73
Q

what are the fibres like in parallel muscle

A

fibres lie parallel to muscle axis

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74
Q

what are the fibres like in pennate muscle

A

Fibres are diagonal to muscle axis

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75
Q

what muscle is stronger pennate or parallel muscles

A

pennate

due to more fibres packed together creating a larger physiological cross sectional area (PCSA)

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76
Q

what muscle is quicker pennate or parallel muscles

A

parallel

pennate muscles are slower because they have to shorten over a greater distance

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77
Q

Define an isometric contraction

A

When external force is equal to muscle force

Muscle stays the same length

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78
Q

Define a concentric contraction

A

When external force is smaller than muscle force

Muscle shortens whilst contracting

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79
Q

Define an eccentric contraction

A

When external force is larger than muscle force

Muscle lengthens whilst contracting

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80
Q

What is a stabiliser

A

holds segments in place

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81
Q

What is an agonist

A

Prime mover

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82
Q

What is an antagonist

A

Muscle that is relaxing

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83
Q

What does striated mean when talking about muscle fibres

A

Has lighter regions and darker regions

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84
Q

What 2 filaments does the sarcomere contain

A

actin

myosin

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85
Q

Are actin filaments thick or thin

A

Thin

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86
Q

Are myosin filaments thick or thin

A

Thick

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87
Q

sliding filament model
What are darker regions called
clue - … band

A

A band

dArker - A band

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88
Q

sliding filament model
What are lighter regions called
clue - … band

A

I band

LIghter - I band

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89
Q

sliding filament model

What line is in the centre

A

M line

remember centre is middle - M line

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90
Q

sliding filament model

What line is on outside

A

Z line

remember Z at end of alphabet therefore end/ outside

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91
Q

what is a cross bridge

A

temporarily formed mechanical bridges between actin binding sites and myosin heads

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92
Q

what are binding sites

A

positions on actin filaments where myosin heads can attach

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93
Q

what is a power stroke

A

a ‘nod’ of the myosin head that applies force to the actin filament via the cross bridge, causes the slide

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94
Q

In a stretched muscle how much filament overlap is there

A

very little overlap

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95
Q

In a contracted muscle how much filament overlap is there

A

Plenty of overlap

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96
Q

In a stretched muscle how many cross bridges are there

A

Few cross bridges

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97
Q

In a contracted muscle how many cross bridges are there

A

Lots of cross bridges

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98
Q

In a stretched muscle what is the length of the sarcomere

A

Long

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99
Q

In a contracted muscle what is the length of the sarcomere

A

short

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100
Q

In a stretched muscle what is the force of contraction like

A

Weak

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101
Q

In a contracted muscle what is the force of contraction like

A

Strong

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102
Q

Define origin

A

Attachment of muscle to stationary bone
less movement
attached to bigger bones

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103
Q

Define insertion

A

attachment of muscle to moveable bone
more movement
attached to smaller bones

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104
Q

Define monoarticular

A

Crosses 1 joint

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105
Q

Define biarticular

A

Crosses multiple joints

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106
Q

Are cross bridges formed during stretching

A

NO

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107
Q

Are cross bridges formed during eccentric contractions

A

YES

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108
Q

Define kinetics

A

Analysis of forces acting on the body

Quantitative measure

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109
Q

Define kinematics

A

Analysis of movements, description of movement

Quantitative & qualitative measure

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110
Q

Define linear motion

A

Travel in a straight line

same distance same time

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111
Q

Define angular motion

A

Where parts rotate around an axis

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112
Q

Name 3 ways to collect kinematic data

A

inertial systems
electromagnetic systems
optical systems

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113
Q

Define a scalar quantity

A

Can be described by magnitude

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114
Q

Define a vector quantity

A

Both magnitude and direction

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115
Q

is mass a scalar or vector quantity

A

scalar

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116
Q

is distance a scalar or vector quantity

A

scalar

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117
Q

is speed a scalar or vector quantity

A

scalar

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118
Q

is volume a scalar or vector quantity

A

scalar

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119
Q

is velocity a scalar or vector quantity

A

vector

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120
Q

is force a scalar or vector quantity

A

vector

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121
Q

is acceleration a scalar or vector quantity

A

vector

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122
Q

what are scalars and vectors represented by

A

arrows

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123
Q

is displacement a scalar or vector quantity

A

vector

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124
Q

what is the difference between distance and displacement

A

distance is whole journey covered
displacement is as crow flies

eg distance = 400m
displacement = 0m as you finish where you start

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125
Q

what is the velocity equation

A

velocity = displacement/ time

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126
Q

what are the units for acceleration

A

m/s 2

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127
Q

what is the acceleration equation

A

acceleration = velocity/ time

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128
Q

what is positive acceleration

A

speeding up

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129
Q

what is negative acceleration

A

slowing down

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130
Q

what is the momentum equation

A

momentum = mass x velocity

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131
Q

what is true about momentum

A

it will stay constant until an external force acts on it

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132
Q

what is the impulse equation

A

impulse = force x time

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133
Q

what movements can occur at the hip

A 
flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
internal rotation
external rotation
circumduction
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134
Q

what is a pubic synthesis

A

a cartilaginous joint which joins 2 nominate bones at front

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135
Q

what are the innominate bones of the hip

A

ileum
pubis (superior and inferior)
ischium

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136
Q

what are 3 types of fibre in hip

A 
longitudinal fibres (straight)
oblique fibres (twisted)
arcuate fibres
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137
Q

what are the 3 main ligaments in the hip

A

pubofemoral (pubis to femur)
iliofemoral (ilium to femur)
ischiofemoral (ischium to femur)

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138
Q

what is the difference between men and women hips

A

Males have a higher iliac crest
Female pelvis more circular, mens are more heart shaped
Males have a tighter V at bottom of pelvis

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139
Q

What compartments are there in the thigh

A

Anterior
Medial
Posterior

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140
Q

Name the the hip flexors

A 
Iliacus
Psoas major
Pectineus
Rectus femoris
Sartoius
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141
Q

Name the hip extensors

A

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Gluteus maximus

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142
Q

What is the insertion point of the quads

A

tibial tuberosity

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143
Q

How many of the quadriceps muscles are biarticular

A

1 rectus femoris

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144
Q

where is the origin of the rectus femoris

A

anterior inferior iliac spine of ilium

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145
Q

What are the main actions of the rectus femoris

A

hip flexion

knee extension

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146
Q

What is the origin of the hamstrings

A

ischial tuberosity

147
Q

which hamstring muscles are biarticular

A

biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus

148
Q

which of the hamstring muscles has 2 heads

A

biceps femoris (long head & short head)

149
Q

Name the hip adductors

A 
Adductor longs
Adductor Magnus
Adductor brevis
Pectineus
Gracilis
150
Q

Name the hip abductors

A

Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia latae
Satorius (minor role)

151
Q

What are the hips internal rotators

A

gluteus minimus
gluteus medius
tensor fascia latae

152
Q

What are the hips external rotators

A 
Obturator internus
Obturator externus
Gemellus inferior 
Gemellus superior
Quadratus femoris
Piriformis
Gluteus maximus
Sartorius
153
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings

A

Biceps femoris (Short & long head)
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

154
Q

Define forces

A

Pushes or pulls which enable us to start/ stop moving, change direction or maintain balance

155
Q

What is newtons 2nd law

A

Law of acceleration
External forces cause acceleration
F=ma

156
Q

What is newtons 3rd law

A

Law of action

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

157
Q

What is force measured in

A

Newtons

158
Q

What are tensile forces

A

pulling forces acting on the ends of an internal structure

159
Q

what are compressive forces

A

pushing forces acting onto the ends of an internal structure

160
Q

What are the 2 types of external forces

A

contact forces

non contact forces

161
Q

what are examples contact forces

A

ground reaction force
friction
air resistance

162
Q

what are examples of non contact forces

A

gravity

electromagnetic

163
Q

What are collinear forces

A

same line of action

same or opposite direction

164
Q

what do all forces have

A

vector
point of application
line of application

165
Q

how do you find a resultant force

A

add up forces on one side to find resultant force

166
Q

what is net force and how do you calculate

A

all of the external forces acting on an object

Consider both sides and subtract them

167
Q

what are concurrent forces

A

act through same point of application

BUT not same line of application

168
Q

what is weight measured in

A

Newtons

169
Q

What is the weight equation

A

weight = mass x gravity

170
Q

what is gravity value

A

9.81 m/s2

force of gravity on an object is termed as weight

171
Q

what is newtons 1st law

A

law of inertia

Every body stays in its current state or stationary until an external force is applied

172
Q

Define inertia

A

the resistance of a body to a change in its motion

173
Q

what are the 2 functions of the hip

A

weight bearing

mobile

174
Q

what are the functions of the knee joint

A

Support body weight
Transmit forces between femur and tibia
Provide movement for locomotion and activities of daily living

175
Q

what type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint

A

bi axial joint

176
Q

where is the tibiofemoral joint located

A

between the femoral condyles and tibial articular surfaces

177
Q

Function of menisci

A

increased congruence between articular surfaces
Assist weight bearing across joint
Shock absorber
Facilitate accessory movements (small automatic movements)

178
Q

What are the main ligaments of the knee

A

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

179
Q

What does the MCL prevent

A

Valgus displacement

180
Q

What does LCL prevent

A

Prevents varus displacement

181
Q

What does ACL prevent

A

anterior tibial displacement

182
Q

what does PCL prevent

A

Posterior tibial displacement

183
Q

where is the patellofemoral joint

A

between articular surface of patella and patellar surface of femur

184
Q

when does the patella move distally

A

in flexion

185
Q

when does the patella move proximally

A

in extension

186
Q

What movements are possible at the knee joint

A

flexion
extension
medial rotation
lateral rotation

187
Q

Muscles involved in flexion at the knee

A 
Lateral head of gastrocnemius 
Medial head of gastrocnemius 
Long head of biceps femoris 
Short head of biceps femoris 
Semitendinosus 
Semimembranosus
Sartorius
Gracilis
188
Q

Muscles involved in extension at the knee

A 
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedias 
Tensor fascia latae
189
Q

What is a passive force

A

Originates from elastic recoil of muscle after stretch via connectin filament

190
Q

what are the 3 ligaments on the lateral side of the ankle

A

Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament

191
Q

what are the 4 ligaments on the medial side of the ankle

A

Anterior tibiotalar
Posterior tibiotalar
Tibiocalcaneal
Tibionavicular

192
Q

What are the functions of the foot

A

Base of support
Adapt to uneven surfaces
Shock absorber
Propel us

193
Q

what are the 4 bones in the medial arch of the foot

A

Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular medial cuneiform
Metatarsal 1

194
Q

what are the 3 bones in the lateral arch

A

Calcaneus
Cuboid
Metatarsal 5

195
Q

what forms the anterior transverse arch

A

5 heads of metatarsal

196
Q

Describe medial arch

A

highest arch
NO contact w ground
More rigid than medial arch

197
Q

Describe lateral arch

A

Flatter than medial arch
IN contact w ground
More rigid than medial arch

198
Q

Describe anterior transverse arch

A

over the top of toes
relatively flat
contacts ground

199
Q

what are the 3 points of the plantarvault

A

Head metatarsal 1 (knuckle of big toe)
Head metatarsal 5 (knuckle of pinky toe)
Calcaneal tuberosity (heel)

200
Q

What are the support types in the foot

A

Metatarsal heads connected by deep transverse ligaments
Plantar fascia (strong layer of thick fibrous tissue)
Sling of lateral arch

201
Q

What are the phases of walking

A

Heel strike
Stance phase
Heel off
Toe off

202
Q

what movements can occur at the foot OFF the floor

A 
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Abduction
Adduction
Supination
Pronation
203
Q

Plantarflexion of the foot involves which muscles

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus

204
Q

Inversion of the foot involves which muscles

A

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis

205
Q

What is the hallucis referring to

A

Big toe

206
Q

what are digitorum referring to

A

any of 2-5th toes

207
Q

What does digiti minimi referring to

A

pinky toe

208
Q

What is the insertion point of the gastrocnemius

A

poster surface of calcaneus via achilles tendon

209
Q

What is the insertion point of the soleus

A

poster surface of calcaneus via achilles tendon

210
Q

Is the gastrocnemius monoarticular or biarticular

A

biarticular

211
Q

is the soleus monoarticular or biarticular

A

monoarticular

212
Q

What nerves are in the lumbar plexus

A 
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve
Lateral cutaneous nerve
Superior gluteal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Sciatic nerve
213
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of lower leg

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus/ fibularis tertius

214
Q

What makes up the posterior compartment of lower leg

A

superficial and deep

215
Q

what muscles are in the superficial area of lower leg

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

Collectively called triceps surae

216
Q

what muscles are in the deep area of lower leg

A

Popliteus
Tibilais posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

217
Q

What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the lower leg

A

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis

218
Q

TORQUES

What is a centric force

A

External force directed through an objects centre of gravity

219
Q

TORQUES

What is an eccentric force

A

External force NOT through an objects centre of gravity

220
Q

TORQUES

What is a force couple

A

Forces that are equal in size but opposite in direction and do not act in same line

221
Q

Define torque

A

The rotatory force when the line of action of a force does not pass through the axis of rotation

222
Q

What is torque measured in

A

Nm

223
Q

Define moment arm

A

The perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and a parallel line passing through the objects axis of rotation

224
Q

What is the torque equation

A

Torque = force x moment arm

225
Q

In a lever system what is the fulcrum within the body

A

Joint/ axis of rotation

226
Q

In a lever system what is the effort within the body

A

Muscles

227
Q

In a lever system what is the resistance within the body

A

weight/ external pushes

228
Q

In a lever system what is the lever arm within the body

A

bones

229
Q

What is the mechanical advantage equation

A

mechanical advantage = length of force arm/ length of resistance arm

230
Q

What is in the middle of a first class lever

A

Fulcrum/ joint or axis

231
Q

What is in the middle of a second class lever

A

resistance/ weight

232
Q

What is in the middle of a third class lever

A

effort / muscles

233
Q

Real life example of a first class lever

A

nodding head on neck

234
Q

real life example of a second class lever

A

plantarflexion

235
Q

real life example of a third class lever

A

elbow flexion

236
Q

What 2 things are 3rd class levers designed for

A

Speed

Range of movement

237
Q

How would an object be in static equilibrium

A

Both external forces and external torques about an axis must sum 0

238
Q

How to work out static equilibrium

A

Right side (force x distance to middle) - Left side (force x distance to middle)

Rearrange to work out what you need

239
Q

What are the 3 true joints in the pictorial girdle

A

Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint
Glenohumeral joint

240
Q

Where is the sternoclavicular joint

A

Where clavicle meets sternum

241
Q

Where is acromioclavicular joint

A

Where clavicle meets acromium process

242
Q

What are the 2 articulations in the pectorial girdle

A

Scapulothoracic articulation

Subacromial articulation

243
Q

What does the scapulothroacic articulation allow

A

Greater movement

Scapular humeral rhythm

244
Q

What is the facet

A

Where clavicle meets acromium

245
Q

what are the significant bony features of the scapula

A

Glenoid fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Supraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa

246
Q

How many axis can the sternoclavicular joint move in

A

3

247
Q

What 4 ligaments are in the sternoclavicular joint

A

Anterior sternoclavicular ligament
Posterior sternoclavicular ligament
Interclavicular ligament
Costoclavicular ligament

248
Q

What does the anterior sternoclavicular ligament do

A

provides anterior and inferior stability

249
Q

What does the anterior interclavicular ligament do

A

stabilises superior aspect of joint

250
Q

What does the anterior costoclavicular ligament do

A

stabilise inferior aspect

251
Q

What 2 ligaments are in the right acromioclavicular joint

A 
Coracoclavicular ligament (made up of trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament)
Acromioclavicular ligament
252
Q

What does the acromioclavicular ligament do

A

stabilises entire joint

253
Q

What 2 ligaments make up the coracoclavicular ligament

A

Trapezoid & conoid

254
Q

What sits around the fossa in the glenohumeral joint

A

the glenoid labrum

255
Q

What does the glenoid labrum do

A

deepens the socket allowing greater stability

256
Q

What 3 intrinsic ligaments sit under capsule in glenohumeral joint

A

Superior glenohumeral
Middle glenohumeral
Inferior glenohumeral

257
Q

How many axis does the glenohumeral joint move in

A

3

258
Q

What movements can occur at the glenohumeral joint

A 
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Mediall/ internal rotation
Lateral/ external rotation
259
Q

What are the 5 factors affecting shoulder stability

A 
Articular surfaces
Ligaments
Labrum
Intra-articular pressure
Rotator cuff
260
Q

Shoulder joint

stability v mobility which is greater

A

Shoulder has LESS stability allowing GREATER mobility

261
Q

Hip joint stability v mobility which is greater

A

Hip is weight bearing so it has GREATER stability and LESS mobility

262
Q

What 6 movements are possible at the scapula

A 
Elevation
Depression
Retraction
Protraction
Abduction
Adduction
263
Q

SCAPULA

What is elevation

A

Shrugging shoulders

264
Q

SCAPULA

What is depression

A

Push shoulders to floor

265
Q

SCAPULA

What is retraction

A

squeeze shoulder blades together

266
Q

SCAPULA

What is protraction

A

round shoulder blades in poor posture

267
Q

SCAPULA

What is abduction

A

watch scapula move out and up

268
Q

SCAPULA

What is adduction

A

watch scapula move down and in

269
Q

What is scaption

A

Movement in the scapula plane

270
Q

What 10 movements are possible at the glenohumeral joint

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Lateral/ internal rotation
Medial/ external rotation
Scaption
Horizontal abduction
Horizontal adduction
Circumduction
271
Q

What is circumduction

A

Put arms out sideways

Make circles with them

272
Q

In the pictorial girdle what are the 3 regions in the trapezius

A

Upper trapezius
Middle trapezius
Lower trapezius

273
Q

Which muscles allow elevation at the scapula

A

Upper trapezius

Levator scapulae

274
Q

Which muscles allow depression at the scapula

A

Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Lower fibres of trapezius

275
Q

Which muscles allow retraction at the scapula

A

Middle fibres of trapezius
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor

276
Q

Which muscles allow protraction at the scapula

A

Pectoralis minor

Seratus anterior

277
Q

Which muscles allow medial rotation at the scapula

A 
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Serratus anterior
Lower trapezius
Upper trapezius
278
Q

Which muscles allow lateral rotation at the scapula

A 
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Serratus anterior
Lower trapezius
Upper trapezius
279
Q

What are the bony landmarks in the arm

A 
Infraglenoid tubercle
Supraglenoid tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Greater tubercle
Intertubicle groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial tuberosity
280
Q

What muscles allow flexion at the glenohumeral joint

A

Anterior/ clavicular fibres of deltoid
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis

281
Q

What muscles allow extension at the glenohumeral joint

A

Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Triceps brachii

282
Q

What muscles allow abduction at the glenohumeral joint

A

Deltoid middle fibres

Supraspinatus

283
Q

What muscles allow adduction at the glenohumeral joint

A

Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Coracobrachialis
Pectoralis major

284
Q

What muscles allow medial rotation at the glenohumeral joint

A 
Lesser tubercle
Greater tubercle
Latissimus dorsi
Teres mejor
Subscapularis
Pectoralis major
Anterior/ clavicular fibres of deltoid
285
Q

What muscles allow lateral rotation at the glenohumeral joint

A

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

286
Q

What muscles make up the rotator cuff in the glenohumeral joint

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

287
Q

What are the 3 regions to the trapezius muscle

A

upper
middle
trasnverse/ lower

288
Q

name some bony landmarks of the arm

A 
Indraglenoid tubercle
Supraglenoid tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Greater tubercle
Intertubicle groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial tuberosity
289
Q

Name some bony landmarks of the elbow

A 
Capitulum 
Trochlea
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Ulna tuberosity
Olecranon
Olecranon fossa
Subline tubercle
290
Q

what 3 ligaments support radioulnar joint

A

collateral ligaments
quadrate ligament
anular ligament

291
Q

what muscles allow flexion of the elbow

A

biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis

292
Q

what muscles allow extension of the elbow

A

triceps brachii

anconeus

293
Q

what compartment are the elbow flexors

A

anterior

294
Q

what compartment are the elbow extensors

A

posterior

295
Q

what muscles allow supination of the elbow

A

biceps brachii

supinator

296
Q

what muscles allow pronation of the elbow

A

pronator quadratura

pronator teres

297
Q

name some bony landmarks of the wrist and hand

A

Radial styloid process
Ulna styloid process
Ulna head – articulates with radius to create radioulnar joint
Tuberosity at distal phalanx of each finger
Dorsal radial tubercle
Grooves for extensor muscle tendons

298
Q

what acronym helps remember the hand arthrology

A 
Some (scaphoid)
Lovers (Lunate)
Try (Triquetrum) 
Positions (Pisiform)
That (Trapezium)
They (Trapeziod)
Cant (Capitate)
Handle (Hamate)
299
Q

name some ligaments at the wrist

A

Ulna/ medial collateral ligament of wrist
Radial/ lateral collateral ligament of wrist
Dorsal metacarpal ligaments
Palmar metacarpal ligaments
Flexor & extensor retinaculum – supports guidance of tendons as they come into joints, strengthen the hand

300
Q

what movements are possible at the wrist

A

flexion
extension
radial deviation (abduction)
ulnar deviation (adduction)

301
Q

what muscles sit in anatomical snuff box

A

Extensor pollicis brevis tendon
Abductor pollicis longus tendon
Extensor pollicis longus tendon
Scaphoid sits in anatomical snuff box

302
Q

what do the prefix of digitorum mean

A

fingers

303
Q

what do the prefix of digit minimi mean

A

little finger

304
Q

what do the prefix of indicis mean

A

index finger

305
Q

what do the prefix of pollicis mean

A

thumb

306
Q

what do the prefix of carpi mean

A

wrist

307
Q

what is extensor digitorum

A

extension of fingers

308
Q

what is extensor indicis

A

extension of index finger

309
Q

what is flexor pollicis longus

A

flexion of thumb

310
Q

where do the flexors of the wrist lie

A

anterior aspect of the forearm

311
Q

what are the 3 sections of wrist flexors

A

superficial
intermediate
deep

312
Q

what 2 muscles are in the deep layer of the wrist flexors

A

Flexor pollicis longus

Flexor digitorum profoundus

313
Q

what muscle is in the intermediate layer of the wrist flexors

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

314
Q

what 3 muscles are in the superficial layer of the wrist flexors

A

flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris

315
Q

where do the wrist extensors lie

A

posterior aspect of forearm

316
Q

what are the 2 layers of wrist extensors

A

superficial

deep

317
Q

what 5 muscles are in the superficial layer of wrist extensors

A 
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
318
Q

what 4 muscles are in the deep layer of wrist extensors

A

Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus

319
Q

What is thenar eminence when talking about the hand

A

3 muscles
move thumb
movements; flexion, abduction, opposition

320
Q

What is hypothenar eminence when talking about the hand

A

3 muscles
moves little finger
movements; flexion, abduction, opposition

321
Q

in thenar and hypothenar eminence which muscles cause flexion

A

Flexor pollicis brevis

Flexor digiti minimi

322
Q

in thenar and hypothenar eminence what is abduction caused by

A

Abductor pollicis brevis

Abductor digiti minimi

323
Q

in thenar and hypothenar eminence what is opposition caused by

A

Opponens pollicis

Opponens digiti minimi

324
Q

what is abduction of fingers

A

spreading fingers apart

325
Q

what is adduction of the fingers

A

start with fingers apart and move together

326
Q

How many vertebrae are in the spine

A

33

327
Q

what are the different types of vertebrae

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
328
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there

A

7

329
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12

330
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae are there

A

5

331
Q

how many sacral vertebrae are there

A

5

332
Q

how many coccygeal vertebrae are there

A

4

333
Q

what are the 2 types of spinal curvature

A

primary

secondary

334
Q

what is primary curvature of the spine

A

formed before baby is born during foetus stage

thoracic & pelvic curvature

335
Q

what is secondary curvature of the spine

A

formed when babys start using spine to bare weight

cervical & lumbar curvature

336
Q

How many articular processes does the cervical spine have

A

4

337
Q

in the thoracic spine what do each vertebrae attach to

A

a pair of ribs

338
Q

How many articular processes does the thoracic spine have

A

4

339
Q

what size is the lumbar vertebrae

A

larger due to weightbearing

340
Q

How many articular processes does the lumbar spine have

A

4

341
Q

what is cervical flexion

A

chin to chest but look down

342
Q

what is cervical extension

A

chin up

look to sky

343
Q

what is capital flexion

A

chin in to chest but look forward

344
Q

what is capital extension

A

chin out and up

345
Q

what is cervical lateral flexion

A

ear to shoulder

tilt head

346
Q

what is cervical rotation

A

shaking head side to side

347
Q

what are the 5 ligaments in the spine

A 
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament 
Interspinous ligament 
Supraspinous ligament 
Ligamenta flava
348
Q

what do intervertebral discs help with

A

weightbearing

349
Q

describe inhalation

A
  1. Diaphragm contracts, moving down
  2. Thoracic cavity volume increases
  3. Thoracic cavity pressure decreases
  4. Pressure gradient created
  5. Higher outside than inside – air rushes in
350
Q

describe exhalation

A
  1. Diaphragm relaxes, moving up
  2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. Thoracic cavity pressure increases
  4. Pressure gradient created
  5. Higher inside than outside – air rushes out
351
Q

what are global movers

A

muscles in neck

involved in generation of torque and range of movement

352
Q

what happens in the disfunction of global movers

A

spasm
pain
restricted range of movement

353
Q

what are local stabilisers

A

deeper neck muscles that control segmental movements of spine

354
Q

what happens in the disfunction of local stabilisers

A

inhibition of function
delayed timing
loss of segmental control and posture

355
Q

what are the key muscles for cervical flexion

A

Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Scallenes
Longus colli & Longus capitis

356
Q

what are the key muscles for cervical extension

A 
Upper trapexius
Splenius captious & cervicis
Levator scapulae
Semispinalis capitus
Semispinalis cervices
357
Q

what are the superficial trunk flexors

A

Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique

358
Q

what are the deep trunk flexors

A

Transverse abdominus

359
Q

what are the superficial trunk extensors

A

Erector spinae

3 layers - iliocostalis (lateral), longissimus (middle), Spinalis (medial)

360
Q

what are the deep trunk extensors

A

Semispinalis
Multifidus
Quadratus lumborum

361
Q

describe the brachial plexus

A

Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords

362
Q

what makes up the shoulder girdle

A

clavicle

scapula

363
Q

what nerve runs under carpal tunnel

A

median nerve

SPORT SCIENCE (9 decks)

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