FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY Flashcards
1
Q
Define anterior
A
facing towards front
located at the front
2
Q
Define posterior
A
facing towards the back
located at the back
3
Q
Define medial
A
closer to the bodies midline
4
Q
Define lateral
A
Further from the bodies mid line
5
Q
Define deep
A
On inside
nearer inside
eg heart
6
Q
Define superficial
A
On outside
nearer outside
eg skin
7
Q
Define superior
A
located at top
facing top
8
Q
Define inferior
A
located at bottom
facing bottom
9
Q
Define proximal
A
Closer to trunk or major point
10
Q
Define distal
A
Further away from trunk or major point
11
Q
Define unilateral
A
One side
12
Q
Define bilateral
A
Both sides
13
Q
Define ipsilateral
A
Same side
eg lifting right arm and right leg
14
Q
Define contralateral
A
Opposite side
eg lifting right arm and left leg
15
Q
What is the anatomical position
A
stood upright legs together toes forward arms by side face and palms forward
16
Q
What is the frontal plane
A
Divides body into front and back
17
Q
What movements happen at frontal plane
A
abduction
adduction
18
Q
What is the sagittal plane
A
splits body into right and left sides
19
Q
what movements occur at the sagittal plane
A
flexion
extension
20
Q
What is the transverse/ horizontal plane
A
Divides body into top half and bottom half
21
Q
What movements occur at the transverse/ horizontal plane
A
Lateral/external rotation
medial/internal rotation
22
Q
Define pronation
A
palm to sky –> palm down
23
Q
Define supination
A
palm down –> palm to sky
24
Q
Define lateral/ external rotation
A
Rotation of a body part outwards
25
Define medial/ internal rotation
Rotation of a body part inwards
26
What is the horizontal/ transverse axis
through hips
goes from left to right
allow you to do a forward roll
27
What is the vertical/ longitudinal axis
goes from head to toe
| allows ice skating spin
28
What is the saggital/ anteroposterior (AP) axis
Goes from front to back
through belly button
allows cartwheel
29
What are the 4 types of tissue
Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Connective
30
What are the 3 types of cartilage
Hyaline (end of bones)
Fibro (discs in spine)
Elastic (ears)
31
What is the function of hyaline cartilage
Covers end of articular surfaces
Reduces friction
absorbs shock
32
What is the function of fibrocartilage
Forms discs and rings between joints
| eg spine
33
what are the 3 types of dense connective tissue (CT)
```
Dense regular CT (ligament & tendon)
Dense irregular CT (joint capsule)
Elastic CT (lungs)
```
34
What is the function of dense regular CT
Provides strong attachment between structures
35
Examples of dense regular CT
Ligament - attach bone to bone
stabilise joints
restrict excessive motion
Tendon - attach muscle to bone
36
What is the function of dense irregular CT
Provides strength in multiple directions
37
Examples of dense irregular CT
Deep fascia - sheet of connective tissue surrounding & protecting muscles
Can hold muscles together and separate them into functional groups
Joint capsule - envelope surrounding synovial joint
38
What are the skeletal functions
```
Support
Movement
Protection
Production
Storage of minerals (calcium & phosphate)
Endocrine regulation (osteocalcin)
```
39
How many bones are we born with
270
40
How many bones do we have as an adult
206
41
what are the 2 sections of skeleton
axial
| appendicular
42
what creates axial
```
Sternum
12 ribs
Cranium
Mandible
Spine
```
43
what creates appendicular
Upper limb
| Lower limb
44
Name the different types of bones
```
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones (patella)
```
45
Whats an advantage of a long bone
Provides excellent leavers
46
Whats an advantage of a short bone
Finer movement and stability
47
What is an advantage of a flat bone
Greater protection
48
What is diapsis
the shaft of a bone
| the central cavity containing yellow bone marrow
49
What is epiphysis
the end of a bone
| higher % of spongey bone & bone marrow
50
What is metaphysis
The middle of the bone
51
What is osteogenesis
the growth of a bone
52
What are the phases of bone remodelling
activation
resorption
reversal
formation
53
What is an osteum
basic unit of structure for a compact bone
54
What does synarthroses mean
immovable joint
55
what does amphiarthroses mean
slightly moveable joint
56
what does diarthroses mean
freely moveable joint
57
What does uniaxial mean
moves in 1 plane
58
what does biaxel mean
moves in 2 planes
59
what does multiaxal mean
moves in all planes
60
what do the bursa do
little bags of fluid that reduce friction
61
what does the articular capsule do
fibrous stable surfaced to support joint
62
what does the synovial membrane do
secretes synovial fluid into joint
63
what are the functions of muscles
```
Produce movement
Maintain posture and positions
Protection
Heat production
Drive circulatory system (vascular pump)
```
64
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
Smooth (blood vessels)
Cardiac (heart)
Skeletal
65
Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
66
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
67
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
68
What is the balloonist theory
muscles swell when contracting
| therefore the volume of muscle increases when contracting
69
what is a muscle fascicle
Muscle fibres are in bundles called muscle fascicles
| Each fibre can individually contract
70
What is a tendon-osseus junction
the side of a tendon that attaches to the bone
| where it attaches is the tendon-osseus junction
71
what is a muscle-tendinous junction
the side of a tendon that attaches to the muscle
| where it attaches is the musculo-tendinous junction
72
what is aponeurosis
where 2 diagonal tendons meet/ come together
73
what are the fibres like in parallel muscle
fibres lie parallel to muscle axis
74
what are the fibres like in pennate muscle
Fibres are diagonal to muscle axis
75
what muscle is stronger pennate or parallel muscles
pennate
| due to more fibres packed together creating a larger physiological cross sectional area (PCSA)
76
what muscle is quicker pennate or parallel muscles
parallel
pennate muscles are slower because they have to shorten over a greater distance
77
Define an isometric contraction
When external force is equal to muscle force
| Muscle stays the same length
78
Define a concentric contraction
When external force is smaller than muscle force
| Muscle shortens whilst contracting
79
Define an eccentric contraction
When external force is larger than muscle force
| Muscle lengthens whilst contracting
80
What is a stabiliser
holds segments in place
81
What is an agonist
Prime mover
82
What is an antagonist
Muscle that is relaxing
83
What does striated mean when talking about muscle fibres
Has lighter regions and darker regions
84
What 2 filaments does the sarcomere contain
actin
| myosin
85
Are actin filaments thick or thin
Thin
86
Are myosin filaments thick or thin
Thick
87
sliding filament model
What are darker regions called
clue - ... band
A band
dArker - A band
88
sliding filament model
What are lighter regions called
clue - ... band
I band
| LIghter - I band
89
sliding filament model
| What line is in the centre
M line
remember centre is middle - M line
90
sliding filament model
| What line is on outside
Z line
remember Z at end of alphabet therefore end/ outside
91
what is a cross bridge
temporarily formed mechanical bridges between actin binding sites and myosin heads
92
what are binding sites
positions on actin filaments where myosin heads can attach
93
what is a power stroke
a ‘nod’ of the myosin head that applies force to the actin filament via the cross bridge, causes the slide
94
In a stretched muscle how much filament overlap is there
very little overlap
95
In a contracted muscle how much filament overlap is there
Plenty of overlap
96
In a stretched muscle how many cross bridges are there
Few cross bridges
97
In a contracted muscle how many cross bridges are there
Lots of cross bridges
98
In a stretched muscle what is the length of the sarcomere
Long
99
In a contracted muscle what is the length of the sarcomere
short
100
In a stretched muscle what is the force of contraction like
Weak
101
In a contracted muscle what is the force of contraction like
Strong
102
Define origin
Attachment of muscle to stationary bone
less movement
attached to bigger bones
103
Define insertion
attachment of muscle to moveable bone
more movement
attached to smaller bones
104
Define monoarticular
Crosses 1 joint
105
Define biarticular
Crosses multiple joints
106
Are cross bridges formed during stretching
NO
107
Are cross bridges formed during eccentric contractions
YES
108
Define kinetics
Analysis of forces acting on the body
| Quantitative measure
109
Define kinematics
Analysis of movements, description of movement
| Quantitative & qualitative measure
110
Define linear motion
Travel in a straight line
| same distance same time
111
Define angular motion
Where parts rotate around an axis
112
Name 3 ways to collect kinematic data
inertial systems
electromagnetic systems
optical systems
113
Define a scalar quantity
Can be described by magnitude
114
Define a vector quantity
Both magnitude and direction
115
is mass a scalar or vector quantity
scalar
116
is distance a scalar or vector quantity
scalar
117
is speed a scalar or vector quantity
scalar
118
is volume a scalar or vector quantity
scalar
119
is velocity a scalar or vector quantity
vector
120
is force a scalar or vector quantity
vector
121
is acceleration a scalar or vector quantity
vector
122
what are scalars and vectors represented by
arrows
123
is displacement a scalar or vector quantity
vector
124
what is the difference between distance and displacement
distance is whole journey covered
displacement is as crow flies
eg distance = 400m
displacement = 0m as you finish where you start
125
what is the velocity equation
velocity = displacement/ time
126
what are the units for acceleration
m/s 2
127
what is the acceleration equation
acceleration = velocity/ time
128
what is positive acceleration
speeding up
129
what is negative acceleration
slowing down
130
what is the momentum equation
momentum = mass x velocity
131
what is true about momentum
it will stay constant until an external force acts on it
132
what is the impulse equation
impulse = force x time
133
what movements can occur at the hip
```
flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
internal rotation
external rotation
circumduction
```
134
what is a pubic synthesis
a cartilaginous joint which joins 2 nominate bones at front
135
what are the innominate bones of the hip
ileum
pubis (superior and inferior)
ischium
136
what are 3 types of fibre in hip
```
longitudinal fibres (straight)
oblique fibres (twisted)
arcuate fibres
```
137
what are the 3 main ligaments in the hip
pubofemoral (pubis to femur)
iliofemoral (ilium to femur)
ischiofemoral (ischium to femur)
138
what is the difference between men and women hips
Males have a higher iliac crest
Female pelvis more circular, mens are more heart shaped
Males have a tighter V at bottom of pelvis
139
What compartments are there in the thigh
Anterior
Medial
Posterior
140
Name the the hip flexors
```
Iliacus
Psoas major
Pectineus
Rectus femoris
Sartoius
```
141
Name the hip extensors
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Gluteus maximus
142
What is the insertion point of the quads
tibial tuberosity
143
How many of the quadriceps muscles are biarticular
1 rectus femoris
144
where is the origin of the rectus femoris
anterior inferior iliac spine of ilium
145
What are the main actions of the rectus femoris
hip flexion
| knee extension
146
What is the origin of the hamstrings
ischial tuberosity
147
which hamstring muscles are biarticular
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
148
which of the hamstring muscles has 2 heads
biceps femoris (long head & short head)
149
Name the hip adductors
```
Adductor longs
Adductor Magnus
Adductor brevis
Pectineus
Gracilis
```
150
Name the hip abductors
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia latae
Satorius (minor role)
151
What are the hips internal rotators
gluteus minimus
gluteus medius
tensor fascia latae
152
What are the hips external rotators
```
Obturator internus
Obturator externus
Gemellus inferior
Gemellus superior
Quadratus femoris
Piriformis
Gluteus maximus
Sartorius
```
153
What muscles make up the hamstrings
Biceps femoris (Short & long head)
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
154
Define forces
Pushes or pulls which enable us to start/ stop moving, change direction or maintain balance
155
What is newtons 2nd law
Law of acceleration
External forces cause acceleration
F=ma
156
What is newtons 3rd law
Law of action
| Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
157
What is force measured in
Newtons
158
What are tensile forces
pulling forces acting on the ends of an internal structure
159
what are compressive forces
pushing forces acting onto the ends of an internal structure
160
What are the 2 types of external forces
contact forces
| non contact forces
161
what are examples contact forces
ground reaction force
friction
air resistance
162
what are examples of non contact forces
gravity
| electromagnetic
163
What are collinear forces
same line of action
| same or opposite direction
164
what do all forces have
vector
point of application
line of application
165
how do you find a resultant force
add up forces on one side to find resultant force
166
what is net force and how do you calculate
all of the external forces acting on an object
| Consider both sides and subtract them
167
what are concurrent forces
act through same point of application
| BUT not same line of application
168
what is weight measured in
Newtons
169
What is the weight equation
weight = mass x gravity
170
what is gravity value
9.81 m/s2
| force of gravity on an object is termed as weight
171
what is newtons 1st law
law of inertia
| Every body stays in its current state or stationary until an external force is applied
172
Define inertia
the resistance of a body to a change in its motion
173
what are the 2 functions of the hip
weight bearing
| mobile
174
what are the functions of the knee joint
Support body weight
Transmit forces between femur and tibia
Provide movement for locomotion and activities of daily living
175
what type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint
bi axial joint
176
where is the tibiofemoral joint located
between the femoral condyles and tibial articular surfaces
177
Function of menisci
increased congruence between articular surfaces
Assist weight bearing across joint
Shock absorber
Facilitate accessory movements (small automatic movements)
178
What are the main ligaments of the knee
Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
179
What does the MCL prevent
Valgus displacement
180
What does LCL prevent
Prevents varus displacement
181
What does ACL prevent
anterior tibial displacement
182
what does PCL prevent
Posterior tibial displacement
183
where is the patellofemoral joint
between articular surface of patella and patellar surface of femur
184
when does the patella move distally
in flexion
185
when does the patella move proximally
in extension
186
What movements are possible at the knee joint
flexion
extension
medial rotation
lateral rotation
187
Muscles involved in flexion at the knee
```
Lateral head of gastrocnemius
Medial head of gastrocnemius
Long head of biceps femoris
Short head of biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Sartorius
Gracilis
```
188
Muscles involved in extension at the knee
```
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedias
Tensor fascia latae
```
189
What is a passive force
Originates from elastic recoil of muscle after stretch via connectin filament
190
what are the 3 ligaments on the lateral side of the ankle
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament
191
what are the 4 ligaments on the medial side of the ankle
Anterior tibiotalar
Posterior tibiotalar
Tibiocalcaneal
Tibionavicular
192
What are the functions of the foot
Base of support
Adapt to uneven surfaces
Shock absorber
Propel us
193
what are the 4 bones in the medial arch of the foot
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular medial cuneiform
Metatarsal 1
194
what are the 3 bones in the lateral arch
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Metatarsal 5
195
what forms the anterior transverse arch
5 heads of metatarsal
196
Describe medial arch
highest arch
NO contact w ground
More rigid than medial arch
197
Describe lateral arch
Flatter than medial arch
IN contact w ground
More rigid than medial arch
198
Describe anterior transverse arch
over the top of toes
relatively flat
contacts ground
199
what are the 3 points of the plantarvault
Head metatarsal 1 (knuckle of big toe)
Head metatarsal 5 (knuckle of pinky toe)
Calcaneal tuberosity (heel)
200
What are the support types in the foot
Metatarsal heads connected by deep transverse ligaments
Plantar fascia (strong layer of thick fibrous tissue)
Sling of lateral arch
201
What are the phases of walking
Heel strike
Stance phase
Heel off
Toe off
202
what movements can occur at the foot OFF the floor
```
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Abduction
Adduction
Supination
Pronation
```
203
Plantarflexion of the foot involves which muscles
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
204
Inversion of the foot involves which muscles
Peroneus longus
| Peroneus brevis
205
What is the hallucis referring to
Big toe
206
what are digitorum referring to
any of 2-5th toes
207
What does digiti minimi referring to
pinky toe
208
What is the insertion point of the gastrocnemius
poster surface of calcaneus via achilles tendon
209
What is the insertion point of the soleus
poster surface of calcaneus via achilles tendon
210
Is the gastrocnemius monoarticular or biarticular
biarticular
211
is the soleus monoarticular or biarticular
monoarticular
212
What nerves are in the lumbar plexus
```
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve
Lateral cutaneous nerve
Superior gluteal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Sciatic nerve
```
213
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of lower leg
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus/ fibularis tertius
214
What makes up the posterior compartment of lower leg
superficial and deep
215
what muscles are in the superficial area of lower leg
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Collectively called triceps surae
216
what muscles are in the deep area of lower leg
Popliteus
Tibilais posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
217
What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the lower leg
Peroneus longus
| Peroneus brevis
218
TORQUES
| What is a centric force
External force directed through an objects centre of gravity
219
TORQUES
| What is an eccentric force
External force NOT through an objects centre of gravity
220
TORQUES
| What is a force couple
Forces that are equal in size but opposite in direction and do not act in same line
221
Define torque
The rotatory force when the line of action of a force does not pass through the axis of rotation
222
What is torque measured in
Nm
223
Define moment arm
The perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and a parallel line passing through the objects axis of rotation
224
What is the torque equation
Torque = force x moment arm
225
In a lever system what is the fulcrum within the body
Joint/ axis of rotation
226
In a lever system what is the effort within the body
Muscles
227
In a lever system what is the resistance within the body
weight/ external pushes
228
In a lever system what is the lever arm within the body
bones
229
What is the mechanical advantage equation
mechanical advantage = length of force arm/ length of resistance arm
230
What is in the middle of a first class lever
Fulcrum/ joint or axis
231
What is in the middle of a second class lever
resistance/ weight
232
What is in the middle of a third class lever
effort / muscles
233
Real life example of a first class lever
nodding head on neck
234
real life example of a second class lever
plantarflexion
235
real life example of a third class lever
elbow flexion
236
What 2 things are 3rd class levers designed for
Speed
| Range of movement
237
How would an object be in static equilibrium
Both external forces and external torques about an axis must sum 0
238
How to work out static equilibrium
Right side (force x distance to middle) - Left side (force x distance to middle)
Rearrange to work out what you need
239
What are the 3 true joints in the pictorial girdle
Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint
Glenohumeral joint
240
Where is the sternoclavicular joint
Where clavicle meets sternum
241
Where is acromioclavicular joint
Where clavicle meets acromium process
242
What are the 2 articulations in the pectorial girdle
Scapulothoracic articulation
| Subacromial articulation
243
What does the scapulothroacic articulation allow
Greater movement
| Scapular humeral rhythm
244
What is the facet
Where clavicle meets acromium
245
what are the significant bony features of the scapula
Glenoid fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Supraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
246
How many axis can the sternoclavicular joint move in
3
247
What 4 ligaments are in the sternoclavicular joint
Anterior sternoclavicular ligament
Posterior sternoclavicular ligament
Interclavicular ligament
Costoclavicular ligament
248
What does the anterior sternoclavicular ligament do
provides anterior and inferior stability
249
What does the anterior interclavicular ligament do
stabilises superior aspect of joint
250
What does the anterior costoclavicular ligament do
stabilise inferior aspect
251
What 2 ligaments are in the right acromioclavicular joint
```
Coracoclavicular ligament (made up of trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament)
Acromioclavicular ligament
```
252
What does the acromioclavicular ligament do
stabilises entire joint
253
What 2 ligaments make up the coracoclavicular ligament
Trapezoid & conoid
254
What sits around the fossa in the glenohumeral joint
the glenoid labrum
255
What does the glenoid labrum do
deepens the socket allowing greater stability
256
What 3 intrinsic ligaments sit under capsule in glenohumeral joint
Superior glenohumeral
Middle glenohumeral
Inferior glenohumeral
257
How many axis does the glenohumeral joint move in
3
258
What movements can occur at the glenohumeral joint
```
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Mediall/ internal rotation
Lateral/ external rotation
```
259
What are the 5 factors affecting shoulder stability
```
Articular surfaces
Ligaments
Labrum
Intra-articular pressure
Rotator cuff
```
260
Shoulder joint
| stability v mobility which is greater
Shoulder has LESS stability allowing GREATER mobility
261
Hip joint stability v mobility which is greater
Hip is weight bearing so it has GREATER stability and LESS mobility
262
What 6 movements are possible at the scapula
```
Elevation
Depression
Retraction
Protraction
Abduction
Adduction
```
263
SCAPULA
| What is elevation
Shrugging shoulders
264
SCAPULA
| What is depression
Push shoulders to floor
265
SCAPULA
| What is retraction
squeeze shoulder blades together
266
SCAPULA
| What is protraction
round shoulder blades in poor posture
267
SCAPULA
| What is abduction
watch scapula move out and up
268
SCAPULA
| What is adduction
watch scapula move down and in
269
What is scaption
Movement in the scapula plane
270
What 10 movements are possible at the glenohumeral joint
```
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Lateral/ internal rotation
Medial/ external rotation
Scaption
Horizontal abduction
Horizontal adduction
Circumduction
```
271
What is circumduction
Put arms out sideways
| Make circles with them
272
In the pictorial girdle what are the 3 regions in the trapezius
Upper trapezius
Middle trapezius
Lower trapezius
273
Which muscles allow elevation at the scapula
Upper trapezius
| Levator scapulae
274
Which muscles allow depression at the scapula
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Lower fibres of trapezius
275
Which muscles allow retraction at the scapula
Middle fibres of trapezius
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
276
Which muscles allow protraction at the scapula
Pectoralis minor
| Seratus anterior
277
Which muscles allow medial rotation at the scapula
```
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Serratus anterior
Lower trapezius
Upper trapezius
```
278
Which muscles allow lateral rotation at the scapula
```
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Serratus anterior
Lower trapezius
Upper trapezius
```
279
What are the bony landmarks in the arm
```
Infraglenoid tubercle
Supraglenoid tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Greater tubercle
Intertubicle groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial tuberosity
```
280
What muscles allow flexion at the glenohumeral joint
Anterior/ clavicular fibres of deltoid
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
281
What muscles allow extension at the glenohumeral joint
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Triceps brachii
282
What muscles allow abduction at the glenohumeral joint
Deltoid middle fibres
| Supraspinatus
283
What muscles allow adduction at the glenohumeral joint
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Coracobrachialis
Pectoralis major
284
What muscles allow medial rotation at the glenohumeral joint
```
Lesser tubercle
Greater tubercle
Latissimus dorsi
Teres mejor
Subscapularis
Pectoralis major
Anterior/ clavicular fibres of deltoid
```
285
What muscles allow lateral rotation at the glenohumeral joint
Infraspinatus
| Teres minor
286
What muscles make up the rotator cuff in the glenohumeral joint
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
287
What are the 3 regions to the trapezius muscle
upper
middle
trasnverse/ lower
288
name some bony landmarks of the arm
```
Indraglenoid tubercle
Supraglenoid tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Greater tubercle
Intertubicle groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial tuberosity
```
289
Name some bony landmarks of the elbow
```
Capitulum
Trochlea
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Ulna tuberosity
Olecranon
Olecranon fossa
Subline tubercle
```
290
what 3 ligaments support radioulnar joint
collateral ligaments
quadrate ligament
anular ligament
291
what muscles allow flexion of the elbow
biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis
292
what muscles allow extension of the elbow
triceps brachii
| anconeus
293
what compartment are the elbow flexors
anterior
294
what compartment are the elbow extensors
posterior
295
what muscles allow supination of the elbow
biceps brachii
| supinator
296
what muscles allow pronation of the elbow
pronator quadratura
| pronator teres
297
name some bony landmarks of the wrist and hand
Radial styloid process
Ulna styloid process
Ulna head – articulates with radius to create radioulnar joint
Tuberosity at distal phalanx of each finger
Dorsal radial tubercle
Grooves for extensor muscle tendons
298
what acronym helps remember the hand arthrology
```
Some (scaphoid)
Lovers (Lunate)
Try (Triquetrum)
Positions (Pisiform)
That (Trapezium)
They (Trapeziod)
Cant (Capitate)
Handle (Hamate)
```
299
name some ligaments at the wrist
Ulna/ medial collateral ligament of wrist
Radial/ lateral collateral ligament of wrist
Dorsal metacarpal ligaments
Palmar metacarpal ligaments
Flexor & extensor retinaculum – supports guidance of tendons as they come into joints, strengthen the hand
300
what movements are possible at the wrist
flexion
extension
radial deviation (abduction)
ulnar deviation (adduction)
301
what muscles sit in anatomical snuff box
Extensor pollicis brevis tendon
Abductor pollicis longus tendon
Extensor pollicis longus tendon
Scaphoid sits in anatomical snuff box
302
what do the prefix of digitorum mean
fingers
303
what do the prefix of digit minimi mean
little finger
304
what do the prefix of indicis mean
index finger
305
what do the prefix of pollicis mean
thumb
306
what do the prefix of carpi mean
wrist
307
what is extensor digitorum
extension of fingers
308
what is extensor indicis
extension of index finger
309
what is flexor pollicis longus
flexion of thumb
310
where do the flexors of the wrist lie
anterior aspect of the forearm
311
what are the 3 sections of wrist flexors
superficial
intermediate
deep
312
what 2 muscles are in the deep layer of the wrist flexors
Flexor pollicis longus
| Flexor digitorum profoundus
313
what muscle is in the intermediate layer of the wrist flexors
flexor digitorum superficialis
314
what 3 muscles are in the superficial layer of the wrist flexors
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris
315
where do the wrist extensors lie
posterior aspect of forearm
316
what are the 2 layers of wrist extensors
superficial
| deep
317
what 5 muscles are in the superficial layer of wrist extensors
```
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
```
318
what 4 muscles are in the deep layer of wrist extensors
Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus
319
What is thenar eminence when talking about the hand
3 muscles
move thumb
movements; flexion, abduction, opposition
320
What is hypothenar eminence when talking about the hand
3 muscles
moves little finger
movements; flexion, abduction, opposition
321
in thenar and hypothenar eminence which muscles cause flexion
Flexor pollicis brevis
| Flexor digiti minimi
322
in thenar and hypothenar eminence what is abduction caused by
Abductor pollicis brevis
| Abductor digiti minimi
323
in thenar and hypothenar eminence what is opposition caused by
Opponens pollicis
| Opponens digiti minimi
324
what is abduction of fingers
spreading fingers apart
325
what is adduction of the fingers
start with fingers apart and move together
326
How many vertebrae are in the spine
33
327
what are the different types of vertebrae
```
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
```
328
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
329
how many thoracic vertebrae are there
12
330
how many lumbar vertebrae are there
5
331
how many sacral vertebrae are there
5
332
how many coccygeal vertebrae are there
4
333
what are the 2 types of spinal curvature
primary
| secondary
334
what is primary curvature of the spine
formed before baby is born during foetus stage
| thoracic & pelvic curvature
335
what is secondary curvature of the spine
formed when babys start using spine to bare weight
| cervical & lumbar curvature
336
How many articular processes does the cervical spine have
4
337
in the thoracic spine what do each vertebrae attach to
a pair of ribs
338
How many articular processes does the thoracic spine have
4
339
what size is the lumbar vertebrae
larger due to weightbearing
340
How many articular processes does the lumbar spine have
4
341
what is cervical flexion
chin to chest but look down
342
what is cervical extension
chin up
| look to sky
343
what is capital flexion
chin in to chest but look forward
344
what is capital extension
chin out and up
345
what is cervical lateral flexion
ear to shoulder
| tilt head
346
what is cervical rotation
shaking head side to side
347
what are the 5 ligaments in the spine
```
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament
Ligamenta flava
```
348
what do intervertebral discs help with
weightbearing
349
describe inhalation
1. Diaphragm contracts, moving down
2. Thoracic cavity volume increases
3. Thoracic cavity pressure decreases
4. Pressure gradient created
5. Higher outside than inside – air rushes in
350
describe exhalation
1. Diaphragm relaxes, moving up
2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases
3. Thoracic cavity pressure increases
4. Pressure gradient created
5. Higher inside than outside – air rushes out
351
what are global movers
muscles in neck
| involved in generation of torque and range of movement
352
what happens in the disfunction of global movers
spasm
pain
restricted range of movement
353
what are local stabilisers
deeper neck muscles that control segmental movements of spine
354
what happens in the disfunction of local stabilisers
inhibition of function
delayed timing
loss of segmental control and posture
355
what are the key muscles for cervical flexion
Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Scallenes
Longus colli & Longus capitis
356
what are the key muscles for cervical extension
```
Upper trapexius
Splenius captious & cervicis
Levator scapulae
Semispinalis capitus
Semispinalis cervices
```
357
what are the superficial trunk flexors
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
358
what are the deep trunk flexors
Transverse abdominus
359
what are the superficial trunk extensors
Erector spinae
3 layers - iliocostalis (lateral), longissimus (middle), Spinalis (medial)
360
what are the deep trunk extensors
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Quadratus lumborum
361
describe the brachial plexus
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
362
what makes up the shoulder girdle
clavicle
| scapula
363
what nerve runs under carpal tunnel
median nerve
