FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY Flashcards
Define anterior
facing towards front
located at the front
Define posterior
facing towards the back
located at the back
Define medial
closer to the bodies midline
Define lateral
Further from the bodies mid line
Define deep
On inside
nearer inside
eg heart
Define superficial
On outside
nearer outside
eg skin
Define superior
located at top
facing top
Define inferior
located at bottom
facing bottom
Define proximal
Closer to trunk or major point
Define distal
Further away from trunk or major point
Define unilateral
One side
Define bilateral
Both sides
Define ipsilateral
Same side
eg lifting right arm and right leg
Define contralateral
Opposite side
eg lifting right arm and left leg
What is the anatomical position
stood upright legs together toes forward arms by side face and palms forward
What is the frontal plane
Divides body into front and back
What movements happen at frontal plane
abduction
adduction
What is the sagittal plane
splits body into right and left sides
what movements occur at the sagittal plane
flexion
extension
What is the transverse/ horizontal plane
Divides body into top half and bottom half
What movements occur at the transverse/ horizontal plane
Lateral/external rotation
medial/internal rotation
Define pronation
palm to sky –> palm down
Define supination
palm down –> palm to sky
Define lateral/ external rotation
Rotation of a body part outwards
Define medial/ internal rotation
Rotation of a body part inwards
What is the horizontal/ transverse axis
through hips
goes from left to right
allow you to do a forward roll
What is the vertical/ longitudinal axis
goes from head to toe
allows ice skating spin
What is the saggital/ anteroposterior (AP) axis
Goes from front to back
through belly button
allows cartwheel
What are the 4 types of tissue
Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Connective
What are the 3 types of cartilage
Hyaline (end of bones)
Fibro (discs in spine)
Elastic (ears)
What is the function of hyaline cartilage
Covers end of articular surfaces
Reduces friction
absorbs shock
What is the function of fibrocartilage
Forms discs and rings between joints
eg spine
what are the 3 types of dense connective tissue (CT)
Dense regular CT (ligament & tendon) Dense irregular CT (joint capsule) Elastic CT (lungs)
What is the function of dense regular CT
Provides strong attachment between structures
Examples of dense regular CT
Ligament - attach bone to bone
stabilise joints
restrict excessive motion
Tendon - attach muscle to bone
What is the function of dense irregular CT
Provides strength in multiple directions
Examples of dense irregular CT
Deep fascia - sheet of connective tissue surrounding & protecting muscles
Can hold muscles together and separate them into functional groups
Joint capsule - envelope surrounding synovial joint
What are the skeletal functions
Support Movement Protection Production Storage of minerals (calcium & phosphate) Endocrine regulation (osteocalcin)
How many bones are we born with
270
How many bones do we have as an adult
206
what are the 2 sections of skeleton
axial
appendicular
what creates axial
Sternum 12 ribs Cranium Mandible Spine
what creates appendicular
Upper limb
Lower limb
Name the different types of bones
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones (patella)
Whats an advantage of a long bone
Provides excellent leavers
Whats an advantage of a short bone
Finer movement and stability
What is an advantage of a flat bone
Greater protection
What is diapsis
the shaft of a bone
the central cavity containing yellow bone marrow
What is epiphysis
the end of a bone
higher % of spongey bone & bone marrow
What is metaphysis
The middle of the bone
What is osteogenesis
the growth of a bone
What are the phases of bone remodelling
activation
resorption
reversal
formation
What is an osteum
basic unit of structure for a compact bone
What does synarthroses mean
immovable joint
what does amphiarthroses mean
slightly moveable joint
what does diarthroses mean
freely moveable joint
What does uniaxial mean
moves in 1 plane
what does biaxel mean
moves in 2 planes
what does multiaxal mean
moves in all planes
what do the bursa do
little bags of fluid that reduce friction
what does the articular capsule do
fibrous stable surfaced to support joint
what does the synovial membrane do
secretes synovial fluid into joint
what are the functions of muscles
Produce movement Maintain posture and positions Protection Heat production Drive circulatory system (vascular pump)
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
Smooth (blood vessels)
Cardiac (heart)
Skeletal
Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
What is the balloonist theory
muscles swell when contracting
therefore the volume of muscle increases when contracting
what is a muscle fascicle
Muscle fibres are in bundles called muscle fascicles
Each fibre can individually contract
What is a tendon-osseus junction
the side of a tendon that attaches to the bone
where it attaches is the tendon-osseus junction
what is a muscle-tendinous junction
the side of a tendon that attaches to the muscle
where it attaches is the musculo-tendinous junction
what is aponeurosis
where 2 diagonal tendons meet/ come together
what are the fibres like in parallel muscle
fibres lie parallel to muscle axis
what are the fibres like in pennate muscle
Fibres are diagonal to muscle axis
what muscle is stronger pennate or parallel muscles
pennate
due to more fibres packed together creating a larger physiological cross sectional area (PCSA)
what muscle is quicker pennate or parallel muscles
parallel
pennate muscles are slower because they have to shorten over a greater distance
Define an isometric contraction
When external force is equal to muscle force
Muscle stays the same length
Define a concentric contraction
When external force is smaller than muscle force
Muscle shortens whilst contracting
Define an eccentric contraction
When external force is larger than muscle force
Muscle lengthens whilst contracting
What is a stabiliser
holds segments in place
What is an agonist
Prime mover
What is an antagonist
Muscle that is relaxing
What does striated mean when talking about muscle fibres
Has lighter regions and darker regions
What 2 filaments does the sarcomere contain
actin
myosin
Are actin filaments thick or thin
Thin
Are myosin filaments thick or thin
Thick
sliding filament model
What are darker regions called
clue - … band
A band
dArker - A band
sliding filament model
What are lighter regions called
clue - … band
I band
LIghter - I band
sliding filament model
What line is in the centre
M line
remember centre is middle - M line
sliding filament model
What line is on outside
Z line
remember Z at end of alphabet therefore end/ outside
what is a cross bridge
temporarily formed mechanical bridges between actin binding sites and myosin heads
what are binding sites
positions on actin filaments where myosin heads can attach
what is a power stroke
a ‘nod’ of the myosin head that applies force to the actin filament via the cross bridge, causes the slide
In a stretched muscle how much filament overlap is there
very little overlap
In a contracted muscle how much filament overlap is there
Plenty of overlap
In a stretched muscle how many cross bridges are there
Few cross bridges
In a contracted muscle how many cross bridges are there
Lots of cross bridges
In a stretched muscle what is the length of the sarcomere
Long
In a contracted muscle what is the length of the sarcomere
short
In a stretched muscle what is the force of contraction like
Weak
In a contracted muscle what is the force of contraction like
Strong
Define origin
Attachment of muscle to stationary bone
less movement
attached to bigger bones
Define insertion
attachment of muscle to moveable bone
more movement
attached to smaller bones
Define monoarticular
Crosses 1 joint
Define biarticular
Crosses multiple joints
Are cross bridges formed during stretching
NO
Are cross bridges formed during eccentric contractions
YES
Define kinetics
Analysis of forces acting on the body
Quantitative measure
Define kinematics
Analysis of movements, description of movement
Quantitative & qualitative measure
Define linear motion
Travel in a straight line
same distance same time
Define angular motion
Where parts rotate around an axis
Name 3 ways to collect kinematic data
inertial systems
electromagnetic systems
optical systems
Define a scalar quantity
Can be described by magnitude
Define a vector quantity
Both magnitude and direction
is mass a scalar or vector quantity
scalar
is distance a scalar or vector quantity
scalar
is speed a scalar or vector quantity
scalar
is volume a scalar or vector quantity
scalar
is velocity a scalar or vector quantity
vector
is force a scalar or vector quantity
vector
is acceleration a scalar or vector quantity
vector
what are scalars and vectors represented by
arrows
is displacement a scalar or vector quantity
vector
what is the difference between distance and displacement
distance is whole journey covered
displacement is as crow flies
eg distance = 400m
displacement = 0m as you finish where you start
what is the velocity equation
velocity = displacement/ time
what are the units for acceleration
m/s 2
what is the acceleration equation
acceleration = velocity/ time
what is positive acceleration
speeding up
what is negative acceleration
slowing down
what is the momentum equation
momentum = mass x velocity
what is true about momentum
it will stay constant until an external force acts on it
what is the impulse equation
impulse = force x time
what movements can occur at the hip
flexion extension adduction abduction internal rotation external rotation circumduction
what is a pubic synthesis
a cartilaginous joint which joins 2 nominate bones at front
what are the innominate bones of the hip
ileum
pubis (superior and inferior)
ischium
what are 3 types of fibre in hip
longitudinal fibres (straight) oblique fibres (twisted) arcuate fibres
what are the 3 main ligaments in the hip
pubofemoral (pubis to femur)
iliofemoral (ilium to femur)
ischiofemoral (ischium to femur)
what is the difference between men and women hips
Males have a higher iliac crest
Female pelvis more circular, mens are more heart shaped
Males have a tighter V at bottom of pelvis
What compartments are there in the thigh
Anterior
Medial
Posterior
Name the the hip flexors
Iliacus Psoas major Pectineus Rectus femoris Sartoius
Name the hip extensors
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Gluteus maximus
What is the insertion point of the quads
tibial tuberosity
How many of the quadriceps muscles are biarticular
1 rectus femoris
where is the origin of the rectus femoris
anterior inferior iliac spine of ilium
What are the main actions of the rectus femoris
hip flexion
knee extension
What is the origin of the hamstrings
ischial tuberosity
which hamstring muscles are biarticular
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
which of the hamstring muscles has 2 heads
biceps femoris (long head & short head)
Name the hip adductors
Adductor longs Adductor Magnus Adductor brevis Pectineus Gracilis
Name the hip abductors
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia latae
Satorius (minor role)
What are the hips internal rotators
gluteus minimus
gluteus medius
tensor fascia latae
What are the hips external rotators
Obturator internus Obturator externus Gemellus inferior Gemellus superior Quadratus femoris Piriformis Gluteus maximus Sartorius
What muscles make up the hamstrings
Biceps femoris (Short & long head)
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Define forces
Pushes or pulls which enable us to start/ stop moving, change direction or maintain balance
What is newtons 2nd law
Law of acceleration
External forces cause acceleration
F=ma
What is newtons 3rd law
Law of action
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
What is force measured in
Newtons
What are tensile forces
pulling forces acting on the ends of an internal structure
what are compressive forces
pushing forces acting onto the ends of an internal structure
What are the 2 types of external forces
contact forces
non contact forces
what are examples contact forces
ground reaction force
friction
air resistance
what are examples of non contact forces
gravity
electromagnetic
What are collinear forces
same line of action
same or opposite direction
what do all forces have
vector
point of application
line of application
how do you find a resultant force
add up forces on one side to find resultant force
what is net force and how do you calculate
all of the external forces acting on an object
Consider both sides and subtract them
what are concurrent forces
act through same point of application
BUT not same line of application
what is weight measured in
Newtons
What is the weight equation
weight = mass x gravity
what is gravity value
9.81 m/s2
force of gravity on an object is termed as weight
what is newtons 1st law
law of inertia
Every body stays in its current state or stationary until an external force is applied
Define inertia
the resistance of a body to a change in its motion
what are the 2 functions of the hip
weight bearing
mobile
what are the functions of the knee joint
Support body weight
Transmit forces between femur and tibia
Provide movement for locomotion and activities of daily living
what type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint
bi axial joint
where is the tibiofemoral joint located
between the femoral condyles and tibial articular surfaces
Function of menisci
increased congruence between articular surfaces
Assist weight bearing across joint
Shock absorber
Facilitate accessory movements (small automatic movements)
What are the main ligaments of the knee
Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
What does the MCL prevent
Valgus displacement
What does LCL prevent
Prevents varus displacement
What does ACL prevent
anterior tibial displacement
what does PCL prevent
Posterior tibial displacement
where is the patellofemoral joint
between articular surface of patella and patellar surface of femur
when does the patella move distally
in flexion
when does the patella move proximally
in extension
What movements are possible at the knee joint
flexion
extension
medial rotation
lateral rotation
Muscles involved in flexion at the knee
Lateral head of gastrocnemius Medial head of gastrocnemius Long head of biceps femoris Short head of biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Sartorius Gracilis
Muscles involved in extension at the knee
Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedias Tensor fascia latae
What is a passive force
Originates from elastic recoil of muscle after stretch via connectin filament
what are the 3 ligaments on the lateral side of the ankle
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament
what are the 4 ligaments on the medial side of the ankle
Anterior tibiotalar
Posterior tibiotalar
Tibiocalcaneal
Tibionavicular
What are the functions of the foot
Base of support
Adapt to uneven surfaces
Shock absorber
Propel us
what are the 4 bones in the medial arch of the foot
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular medial cuneiform
Metatarsal 1
what are the 3 bones in the lateral arch
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Metatarsal 5
what forms the anterior transverse arch
5 heads of metatarsal
Describe medial arch
highest arch
NO contact w ground
More rigid than medial arch
Describe lateral arch
Flatter than medial arch
IN contact w ground
More rigid than medial arch
Describe anterior transverse arch
over the top of toes
relatively flat
contacts ground
what are the 3 points of the plantarvault
Head metatarsal 1 (knuckle of big toe)
Head metatarsal 5 (knuckle of pinky toe)
Calcaneal tuberosity (heel)
What are the support types in the foot
Metatarsal heads connected by deep transverse ligaments
Plantar fascia (strong layer of thick fibrous tissue)
Sling of lateral arch
What are the phases of walking
Heel strike
Stance phase
Heel off
Toe off
what movements can occur at the foot OFF the floor
Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Abduction Adduction Supination Pronation
Plantarflexion of the foot involves which muscles
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Inversion of the foot involves which muscles
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
What is the hallucis referring to
Big toe
what are digitorum referring to
any of 2-5th toes
What does digiti minimi referring to
pinky toe
What is the insertion point of the gastrocnemius
poster surface of calcaneus via achilles tendon
What is the insertion point of the soleus
poster surface of calcaneus via achilles tendon
Is the gastrocnemius monoarticular or biarticular
biarticular
is the soleus monoarticular or biarticular
monoarticular
What nerves are in the lumbar plexus
Femoral nerve Obturator nerve Lateral cutaneous nerve Superior gluteal nerve Inferior gluteal nerve Sciatic nerve
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of lower leg
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus/ fibularis tertius
What makes up the posterior compartment of lower leg
superficial and deep
what muscles are in the superficial area of lower leg
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Collectively called triceps surae
what muscles are in the deep area of lower leg
Popliteus
Tibilais posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the lower leg
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
TORQUES
What is a centric force
External force directed through an objects centre of gravity
TORQUES
What is an eccentric force
External force NOT through an objects centre of gravity
TORQUES
What is a force couple
Forces that are equal in size but opposite in direction and do not act in same line
Define torque
The rotatory force when the line of action of a force does not pass through the axis of rotation
What is torque measured in
Nm
Define moment arm
The perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and a parallel line passing through the objects axis of rotation
What is the torque equation
Torque = force x moment arm
In a lever system what is the fulcrum within the body
Joint/ axis of rotation
In a lever system what is the effort within the body
Muscles
In a lever system what is the resistance within the body
weight/ external pushes
In a lever system what is the lever arm within the body
bones
What is the mechanical advantage equation
mechanical advantage = length of force arm/ length of resistance arm
What is in the middle of a first class lever
Fulcrum/ joint or axis
What is in the middle of a second class lever
resistance/ weight
What is in the middle of a third class lever
effort / muscles
Real life example of a first class lever
nodding head on neck
real life example of a second class lever
plantarflexion
real life example of a third class lever
elbow flexion
What 2 things are 3rd class levers designed for
Speed
Range of movement
How would an object be in static equilibrium
Both external forces and external torques about an axis must sum 0
How to work out static equilibrium
Right side (force x distance to middle) - Left side (force x distance to middle)
Rearrange to work out what you need
What are the 3 true joints in the pictorial girdle
Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint
Glenohumeral joint
Where is the sternoclavicular joint
Where clavicle meets sternum
Where is acromioclavicular joint
Where clavicle meets acromium process
What are the 2 articulations in the pectorial girdle
Scapulothoracic articulation
Subacromial articulation
What does the scapulothroacic articulation allow
Greater movement
Scapular humeral rhythm
What is the facet
Where clavicle meets acromium
what are the significant bony features of the scapula
Glenoid fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Supraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
How many axis can the sternoclavicular joint move in
3
What 4 ligaments are in the sternoclavicular joint
Anterior sternoclavicular ligament
Posterior sternoclavicular ligament
Interclavicular ligament
Costoclavicular ligament
What does the anterior sternoclavicular ligament do
provides anterior and inferior stability
What does the anterior interclavicular ligament do
stabilises superior aspect of joint
What does the anterior costoclavicular ligament do
stabilise inferior aspect
What 2 ligaments are in the right acromioclavicular joint
Coracoclavicular ligament (made up of trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament) Acromioclavicular ligament
What does the acromioclavicular ligament do
stabilises entire joint
What 2 ligaments make up the coracoclavicular ligament
Trapezoid & conoid
What sits around the fossa in the glenohumeral joint
the glenoid labrum
What does the glenoid labrum do
deepens the socket allowing greater stability
What 3 intrinsic ligaments sit under capsule in glenohumeral joint
Superior glenohumeral
Middle glenohumeral
Inferior glenohumeral
How many axis does the glenohumeral joint move in
3
What movements can occur at the glenohumeral joint
Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Mediall/ internal rotation Lateral/ external rotation
What are the 5 factors affecting shoulder stability
Articular surfaces Ligaments Labrum Intra-articular pressure Rotator cuff
Shoulder joint
stability v mobility which is greater
Shoulder has LESS stability allowing GREATER mobility
Hip joint stability v mobility which is greater
Hip is weight bearing so it has GREATER stability and LESS mobility
What 6 movements are possible at the scapula
Elevation Depression Retraction Protraction Abduction Adduction
SCAPULA
What is elevation
Shrugging shoulders
SCAPULA
What is depression
Push shoulders to floor
SCAPULA
What is retraction
squeeze shoulder blades together
SCAPULA
What is protraction
round shoulder blades in poor posture
SCAPULA
What is abduction
watch scapula move out and up
SCAPULA
What is adduction
watch scapula move down and in
What is scaption
Movement in the scapula plane
What 10 movements are possible at the glenohumeral joint
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Lateral/ internal rotation Medial/ external rotation Scaption Horizontal abduction Horizontal adduction Circumduction
What is circumduction
Put arms out sideways
Make circles with them
In the pictorial girdle what are the 3 regions in the trapezius
Upper trapezius
Middle trapezius
Lower trapezius
Which muscles allow elevation at the scapula
Upper trapezius
Levator scapulae
Which muscles allow depression at the scapula
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Lower fibres of trapezius
Which muscles allow retraction at the scapula
Middle fibres of trapezius
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Which muscles allow protraction at the scapula
Pectoralis minor
Seratus anterior
Which muscles allow medial rotation at the scapula
Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor Serratus anterior Lower trapezius Upper trapezius
Which muscles allow lateral rotation at the scapula
Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor Serratus anterior Lower trapezius Upper trapezius
What are the bony landmarks in the arm
Infraglenoid tubercle Supraglenoid tubercle Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Intertubicle groove Deltoid tuberosity Radial tuberosity
What muscles allow flexion at the glenohumeral joint
Anterior/ clavicular fibres of deltoid
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
What muscles allow extension at the glenohumeral joint
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Triceps brachii
What muscles allow abduction at the glenohumeral joint
Deltoid middle fibres
Supraspinatus
What muscles allow adduction at the glenohumeral joint
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Coracobrachialis
Pectoralis major
What muscles allow medial rotation at the glenohumeral joint
Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Latissimus dorsi Teres mejor Subscapularis Pectoralis major Anterior/ clavicular fibres of deltoid
What muscles allow lateral rotation at the glenohumeral joint
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
What muscles make up the rotator cuff in the glenohumeral joint
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
What are the 3 regions to the trapezius muscle
upper
middle
trasnverse/ lower
name some bony landmarks of the arm
Indraglenoid tubercle Supraglenoid tubercle Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Intertubicle groove Deltoid tuberosity Radial tuberosity
Name some bony landmarks of the elbow
Capitulum Trochlea Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Ulna tuberosity Olecranon Olecranon fossa Subline tubercle
what 3 ligaments support radioulnar joint
collateral ligaments
quadrate ligament
anular ligament
what muscles allow flexion of the elbow
biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis
what muscles allow extension of the elbow
triceps brachii
anconeus
what compartment are the elbow flexors
anterior
what compartment are the elbow extensors
posterior
what muscles allow supination of the elbow
biceps brachii
supinator
what muscles allow pronation of the elbow
pronator quadratura
pronator teres
name some bony landmarks of the wrist and hand
Radial styloid process
Ulna styloid process
Ulna head – articulates with radius to create radioulnar joint
Tuberosity at distal phalanx of each finger
Dorsal radial tubercle
Grooves for extensor muscle tendons
what acronym helps remember the hand arthrology
Some (scaphoid) Lovers (Lunate) Try (Triquetrum) Positions (Pisiform) That (Trapezium) They (Trapeziod) Cant (Capitate) Handle (Hamate)
name some ligaments at the wrist
Ulna/ medial collateral ligament of wrist
Radial/ lateral collateral ligament of wrist
Dorsal metacarpal ligaments
Palmar metacarpal ligaments
Flexor & extensor retinaculum – supports guidance of tendons as they come into joints, strengthen the hand
what movements are possible at the wrist
flexion
extension
radial deviation (abduction)
ulnar deviation (adduction)
what muscles sit in anatomical snuff box
Extensor pollicis brevis tendon
Abductor pollicis longus tendon
Extensor pollicis longus tendon
Scaphoid sits in anatomical snuff box
what do the prefix of digitorum mean
fingers
what do the prefix of digit minimi mean
little finger
what do the prefix of indicis mean
index finger
what do the prefix of pollicis mean
thumb
what do the prefix of carpi mean
wrist
what is extensor digitorum
extension of fingers
what is extensor indicis
extension of index finger
what is flexor pollicis longus
flexion of thumb
where do the flexors of the wrist lie
anterior aspect of the forearm
what are the 3 sections of wrist flexors
superficial
intermediate
deep
what 2 muscles are in the deep layer of the wrist flexors
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profoundus
what muscle is in the intermediate layer of the wrist flexors
flexor digitorum superficialis
what 3 muscles are in the superficial layer of the wrist flexors
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris
where do the wrist extensors lie
posterior aspect of forearm
what are the 2 layers of wrist extensors
superficial
deep
what 5 muscles are in the superficial layer of wrist extensors
Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris
what 4 muscles are in the deep layer of wrist extensors
Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus
What is thenar eminence when talking about the hand
3 muscles
move thumb
movements; flexion, abduction, opposition
What is hypothenar eminence when talking about the hand
3 muscles
moves little finger
movements; flexion, abduction, opposition
in thenar and hypothenar eminence which muscles cause flexion
Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor digiti minimi
in thenar and hypothenar eminence what is abduction caused by
Abductor pollicis brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
in thenar and hypothenar eminence what is opposition caused by
Opponens pollicis
Opponens digiti minimi
what is abduction of fingers
spreading fingers apart
what is adduction of the fingers
start with fingers apart and move together
How many vertebrae are in the spine
33
what are the different types of vertebrae
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
how many thoracic vertebrae are there
12
how many lumbar vertebrae are there
5
how many sacral vertebrae are there
5
how many coccygeal vertebrae are there
4
what are the 2 types of spinal curvature
primary
secondary
what is primary curvature of the spine
formed before baby is born during foetus stage
thoracic & pelvic curvature
what is secondary curvature of the spine
formed when babys start using spine to bare weight
cervical & lumbar curvature
How many articular processes does the cervical spine have
4
in the thoracic spine what do each vertebrae attach to
a pair of ribs
How many articular processes does the thoracic spine have
4
what size is the lumbar vertebrae
larger due to weightbearing
How many articular processes does the lumbar spine have
4
what is cervical flexion
chin to chest but look down
what is cervical extension
chin up
look to sky
what is capital flexion
chin in to chest but look forward
what is capital extension
chin out and up
what is cervical lateral flexion
ear to shoulder
tilt head
what is cervical rotation
shaking head side to side
what are the 5 ligaments in the spine
Posterior longitudinal ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Interspinous ligament Supraspinous ligament Ligamenta flava
what do intervertebral discs help with
weightbearing
describe inhalation
- Diaphragm contracts, moving down
- Thoracic cavity volume increases
- Thoracic cavity pressure decreases
- Pressure gradient created
- Higher outside than inside – air rushes in
describe exhalation
- Diaphragm relaxes, moving up
- Thoracic cavity volume decreases
- Thoracic cavity pressure increases
- Pressure gradient created
- Higher inside than outside – air rushes out
what are global movers
muscles in neck
involved in generation of torque and range of movement
what happens in the disfunction of global movers
spasm
pain
restricted range of movement
what are local stabilisers
deeper neck muscles that control segmental movements of spine
what happens in the disfunction of local stabilisers
inhibition of function
delayed timing
loss of segmental control and posture
what are the key muscles for cervical flexion
Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Scallenes
Longus colli & Longus capitis
what are the key muscles for cervical extension
Upper trapexius Splenius captious & cervicis Levator scapulae Semispinalis capitus Semispinalis cervices
what are the superficial trunk flexors
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
what are the deep trunk flexors
Transverse abdominus
what are the superficial trunk extensors
Erector spinae
3 layers - iliocostalis (lateral), longissimus (middle), Spinalis (medial)
what are the deep trunk extensors
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Quadratus lumborum
describe the brachial plexus
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
what makes up the shoulder girdle
clavicle
scapula
what nerve runs under carpal tunnel
median nerve
