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Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychology

A

the study of human behaviour thought processes and emotions. The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

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2
Q

6 Schools of psychology

A 
Behaviourism
psychodynamic
cognitive
humanistic
neurobiological
social
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3
Q

What is Behavioural Psychology?

A
  • Theory that behaviours are learnt from the environment
  • Behaviour is a response to external stimuli
  • Behaviour learnt through classical or operant conditioning
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4
Q

Definition of classical conditioning

A

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone

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5
Q

Definition of Operant conditioning

A

a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment

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6
Q

What are the features of behavioural psychology

A
  • Stimulus response (cause and effect)
  • Operant conditioning
  • Schedules of reinforcement (repeated behaviour +/-)
  • Classical conditioning
  • Nomothetic (similarities between people- stereotype)
  • Reductionism (explaining behaviour by breaking it down)
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7
Q

Applications of behaviourism

A
  • depression
  • phobias
  • behavioural therapies
  • behaviour modification
  • addiction
  • aggression
  • psychotherapy
  • education
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8
Q

examples of behaviourism

A
  • pavlovs dog
  • skinner box
  • little albert
  • bobo doll study
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9
Q

What is Psychodynamic Psychology

A

Human functioning based on the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious

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10
Q

Basic Assumptions of Psychodynamic Psychology

A
  • Our behaviour and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious motives
  • Feelings, motives and decisions are powerfully influenced by our past experiences in sub-conscious
  • Our behaviours and feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood experiences
  • All behaviour has a causative factor, even slips of the tongue, therefore behaviour is determined
  • Personality is made of 3 parts
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11
Q

According to Freud (Psychodynamic Psychology), what are the 3 parts of personality?

A
  • Id, Instinct
  • Ego, Decision making
  • SuperEgo, Values and morals
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12
Q

Unconscious Defense mechanisms in psychodynamic psychology

A
  • Repression- Keeping down threatening thoughts
  • Denial- Block external events from awareness
  • Projection- Attributing own negative thoughts to another person
  • Displacement- Satisfying an impulse with a substitute object- not acceptable
  • Regression- Movement backwards psychologically
  • Sublimation- Satisfying an impulse with substitute- acceptable
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13
Q

What is conscious?

A

Mental activity we are aware of

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14
Q

What is unconscious?

A

Things we are unaware of and cant be aware of

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15
Q

What is subconscious?

A

Things we could be aware of if we tried

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16
Q

What is the Id?

A

Part of the unconscious mind and comprises the two instincts Eros and Thantos

17
Q

What are the applications of psychodynamic

A
  • Attachment
  • Agression
  • Dream Analysis
  • Gender role development
  • Moral development
  • Therapy
  • Play therapy
  • Psychotherapy
18
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A
  • The mind as an information processor

- Understanding of information processing( perception, attention, language etc)

19
Q

Difference between Behaviourist and Cognitive

A

B) Stimulus in the environment —–> Black box cant be studied ——> Response behaviour
C) Input in the environment ——> Mediational process mental event ——> output behaviour

20
Q

Assumptions of Cognitive Pyschology

A
  • Info made available from the environment is processed by a series of processing systems (attention, perception, ST memory)
  • These processing systems transform, or alter the information in systematic ways
  • The aim of research is to specify the processes and structures that underlie cognitive performance
  • Information processing in humans resembles that in computers
21
Q

What is CBT?

A

Based on the idea of how we think(cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behaviour) all interact together. Specifically our thoughts determine our feelings and our behaviour

22
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A
  • Emphasis on the whole person and the uniqueness of each individual
  • Developed as a reaction to behaviourist and psychodynamic approaches
  • Rejects assumptions of behaviourist perspective-animal studies- not good
23
Q

What are the assumptions of humanistic psychology

A
  • people have free will- choices we make, consequences
  • Rejects animal studies as not about humans
  • Places little value on scientific psychology
  • People are motivated to self actualise
  • Emphasises person worth of human
  • People are essentially good and try to make the world good
24
Q

What are the key features of humanistic psychology?

A
  • Authenticity
  • Phenomenology
  • Self-actualisation
  • Self concept
  • Hierarchy of needs
25
Q

What are the applications of humanistic psychology?

A
  • Person centred therapy
  • Motivation
  • Depression
  • Self worth
26
Q

What is social psychology?

A
  • How peopls thpughts feelings etc are contructed within a social context by the actual or imagined interactions of others
  • Human behaviour influenced by other people
  • Social psychologists deal with factors that make us behave in a given way in the presence of others, and the conditions in which these behaviours happen
27
Q

What is neurobiological psychology?

A
  • Believes us to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology, it is the only approach that examines thoughts, feelings and behaviours from a biological and physical POV
  • Biological perspective is relevant to the study of psychology in 3 ways
28
Q

In What three ways is biological perspective (in neurobiological psychology) relevant to the study of psychology?

A

1- Comparative Method- different species of animal can be studied and compared, helps to understand human behaviours
2- Physiology- how the nervous system and hormones work, how the brain functions, how changes in structure and/or function can affect behaviour e.g. how prescribed drugs to treat depression affect behaviour through their interaction with the nervous system
3- Investigation of inheritance- what an animal inherits from its parents, mechanisms of inheritance

29
Q

what are the assumptions of neurobiological psychology?

A
  • Psychology should be seen as a science, to be studied in a scientific manner
  • Behaviour can be largely explained in terms of biology and biochemistry
  • Most behaviour will have an adaptive/evolutionary purpose
30
Q

What is the importance of psychology for midwifery?

A
  • Mother midwife relationship
  • Psychology of communication
  • Hollistic care
  • Emotions during pregnancy
  • Attachment and bonding
  • Perinatal mental health
  • Self knowledge
  • coping strategies

Psychology (13 decks)

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