Psychology 5

Question 1

biological preparedness

Answer 1

all animals are programmed to learn some associations more easily than others

Question 2

instinctive drift

Answer 2

animals revert back to species specific behavior.

Question 3

ethologists

Answer 3

study behavior of animals in their natural habitats

Question 4

fixed action patterns

Answer 4

instinctual but still triggered by a stimulus. herring gull example

Question 5

herring gulls fixed action patterns

Answer 5

mother returns to nest with food chicks peck red spot on her beak and causing the food to be regurgitated

Question 6

learning

Answer 6

relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior results from experiences

Question 7

habituation

Answer 7

simplest form of learning tendency of an organism to become familiar with a stimulus as a result of repeat exposure

Question 8

classical conditioning

Answer 8

pavlov’s discovery. occurs when an organism associates one stimulus with another.when behavior results from an unrelated stimulus.

Question 9

association

Answer 9

tendency to connect events that occur together in space or time

Question 10

pavlov’s discovery

Answer 10

claimed that any organism can be conditioned to any stimulus. studied digestive system of dogs. dogs would drool when there was no food or at the sight of food or the dish it was in.

Question 11

pavlov unconditioned response

Answer 11

saliva

Question 12

pavlov conditioned response

Answer 12

saliva

Question 13

pavlov unconditioned stimulus

Answer 13

food

Question 14

pavlov conditioned stimulus

Answer 14

bell

Question 15

what is an unconditioned response

Answer 15

unlearned response to unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

what is an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 16

stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response

Question 17

what is a conditioned stimulus

Answer 17

a neutral stimulus that through repeated pairing (classic conditioning) causes a learned response.

Question 18

what is a conditioned response

Answer 18

learned response from neutral stimulus through repetition ( classic conditioning)

Question 19

operant conditioning

Answer 19

organisms learn to behave in ways that produce a desirable outcome or reinforcement

Question 20

observational learning

Answer 20

chain of events, 4 steps, person observes and models the behavior of others

Question 21

what are the steps of observational learning

Answer 21

attention- paying attention
retention- recall what was observed
reproduction- have the motor ability to reproduce behavior
motivation-whether observer acts based on the expectation of reinforcement, others experience or personal experience

Question 22

acquisition

Answer 22

formation of a learned response to a stimulus through presentation of a unconditioned stimulus (classic) or reinforcement (operant) repeated until associated together

Question 23

extinction

Answer 23

elimination of learned response by removing unconditioned stimulus or reinforcement conditioned response disappears. if no reward comes behavior stops.

Question 24

spontaneous recovery

Answer 24

reemergence of extinguished conditioned response after rest period. new info suppresses old info not deleted

Question 24

self control

Answer 24

extent to which people pass up small immediate rewards for future gains

Question 24

generalization

Answer 24

tendency to respond to stimulus that is similar to conditioned stimulus

Question 24

the law of effect

Answer 24

Thorndike cats put in box with food outside of the box. behavior that is followed by positive outcome is likely to be repeated but behavior with negative outcome is not repeated.

Question 25

B.F. Skinner

Answer 25

sound proof box w/ response bar/key food dispenser stimulus light. opposed punishment. coined term operant conditioning, actions and consequences

Question 26

reinforcement

Answer 26

stimulus that increases the likelihood of a prior response

Question 27

shaping

Answer 27

behavior guided by reinforcement of responses that come closer and closer to desired behavior. Ex: shoe tying cross then bunny ears etc. breaking it down

Question 28

positive reinforcer

Answer 28

strengthens a prior response by adding something desirable

Question 29

negative reinforcer

Answer 29

strengthens prior response by subtracting something undesirable

Question 30

positive punisher

Answer 30

weakens prior response by adding something undesirable. you have bad grades mom adds more chores

Question 31

negative punisher

Answer 31

weakens prior response by subtracting something desirable. bad grades and mom takes phone away

Question 32

punishment

Answer 32

weakens likelihood of prior response

Question 33

fixed interval schedule ( think number)

Answer 33

reinforcer followed by 1st response after fixed time every 5 minutes or every one minute WEAKEST easy to extinguish

Question 34

variable interval schedule (think number)

Answer 34

reinforcement after various times. reinforcement is unpredictable. after 50 seconds then a minute then 15 minutes. steady pattern of responses

Question 35

fixed ratio interval

Answer 35

reinforcement given after fixed response number. every 3rd time every 5th time

Question 36

variable ratio schedule

Answer 36

reinforcement after varying response number. STRONGEST hard to extinguish. could be the 5th time then 7th time

Question 37

latent learning

Answer 37

Tolman/ Honzink, learning that lies dormant dormant is not exhibited in evert performance unless there is an incentive to do so

Question 38

internal locus

Answer 38

believes they determine their destiny

Question 39

external locus

Answer 39

believes in luck or fate or powerful others determine fate

Question 40

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 40

people are more likely to imitate rewarded acts rather than those that are punished

Question 41

Bandura and Bobo doll

Answer 41

adults abused doll for 10 minutes and the children who witnessed the violent acts were more likely to abuse the doll as well

Question 42

aggression on tv and video games

Answer 42

can trigger aggression in children