Psychology 5 Flashcards
biological preparedness
all animals are programmed to learn some associations more easily than others
instinctive drift
animals revert back to species specific behavior.
ethologists
study behavior of animals in their natural habitats
fixed action patterns
instinctual but still triggered by a stimulus. herring gull example
herring gulls fixed action patterns
mother returns to nest with food chicks peck red spot on her beak and causing the food to be regurgitated
learning
relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior results from experiences
habituation
simplest form of learning tendency of an organism to become familiar with a stimulus as a result of repeat exposure
classical conditioning
pavlov’s discovery. occurs when an organism associates one stimulus with another.when behavior results from an unrelated stimulus.
association
tendency to connect events that occur together in space or time
pavlov’s discovery
claimed that any organism can be conditioned to any stimulus. studied digestive system of dogs. dogs would drool when there was no food or at the sight of food or the dish it was in.
pavlov unconditioned response
saliva
pavlov conditioned response
saliva
pavlov unconditioned stimulus
food
pavlov conditioned stimulus
bell
what is an unconditioned response
unlearned response to unconditioned stimulus
what is an unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response
what is a conditioned stimulus
a neutral stimulus that through repeated pairing (classic conditioning) causes a learned response.
what is a conditioned response
learned response from neutral stimulus through repetition ( classic conditioning)
operant conditioning
organisms learn to behave in ways that produce a desirable outcome or reinforcement
observational learning
chain of events, 4 steps, person observes and models the behavior of others
what are the steps of observational learning
attention- paying attention
retention- recall what was observed
reproduction- have the motor ability to reproduce behavior
motivation-whether observer acts based on the expectation of reinforcement, others experience or personal experience
acquisition
formation of a learned response to a stimulus through presentation of a unconditioned stimulus (classic) or reinforcement (operant) repeated until associated together
extinction
elimination of learned response by removing unconditioned stimulus or reinforcement conditioned response disappears. if no reward comes behavior stops.
spontaneous recovery
reemergence of extinguished conditioned response after rest period. new info suppresses old info not deleted
self control
extent to which people pass up small immediate rewards for future gains
generalization
tendency to respond to stimulus that is similar to conditioned stimulus
the law of effect
Thorndike cats put in box with food outside of the box. behavior that is followed by positive outcome is likely to be repeated but behavior with negative outcome is not repeated.
B.F. Skinner
sound proof box w/ response bar/key food dispenser stimulus light. opposed punishment. coined term operant conditioning, actions and consequences
reinforcement
stimulus that increases the likelihood of a prior response
shaping
behavior guided by reinforcement of responses that come closer and closer to desired behavior. Ex: shoe tying cross then bunny ears etc. breaking it down
positive reinforcer
strengthens a prior response by adding something desirable
negative reinforcer
strengthens prior response by subtracting something undesirable
positive punisher
weakens prior response by adding something undesirable. you have bad grades mom adds more chores
negative punisher
weakens prior response by subtracting something desirable. bad grades and mom takes phone away
punishment
weakens likelihood of prior response
fixed interval schedule ( think number)
reinforcer followed by 1st response after fixed time every 5 minutes or every one minute WEAKEST easy to extinguish
variable interval schedule (think number)
reinforcement after various times. reinforcement is unpredictable. after 50 seconds then a minute then 15 minutes. steady pattern of responses
fixed ratio interval
reinforcement given after fixed response number. every 3rd time every 5th time
variable ratio schedule
reinforcement after varying response number. STRONGEST hard to extinguish. could be the 5th time then 7th time
latent learning
Tolman/ Honzink, learning that lies dormant dormant is not exhibited in evert performance unless there is an incentive to do so
internal locus
believes they determine their destiny
external locus
believes in luck or fate or powerful others determine fate
vicarious reinforcement
people are more likely to imitate rewarded acts rather than those that are punished
Bandura and Bobo doll
adults abused doll for 10 minutes and the children who witnessed the violent acts were more likely to abuse the doll as well
aggression on tv and video games
can trigger aggression in children
