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Psychology > Psychology 2 > Flashcards

Psychology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

consists of nerves within brain and spinal cord- information superhighway

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system?

A

all the nerves that radiate for the CNS to the rest of the body. consists of somatic and autonomic system.

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3
Q

Somatic Nervous System (voluntary)

A

Branch of the peripheral nervous system.Transmit signals ( sights, sounds, pain) from sensory organs to CNS and from CNS to skeletal muscles. VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

A

branch of peripheral nervous system connects CNS to smooth involuntary muscles and glands and organs. Regulates heartbeat, blood pressure.body temp

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5
Q

Sympathetic nervous system(arousing)

A

branch of autonomic system.heightens arousal and energizes body for action. when stressed tells adrenal glands to secrete more adrenaline, increased heart rate, pupils dilate, breathing speeds up.

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6
Q

Parasympathetic system(calming)

A

after stress restores body to pre energized state. breathing slows, body relaxes, cools down.

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7
Q

What is a neuron?

A

nerve cells that serve as the building blocks of the nervous system. send and receive info throughout body in electrochemical signals.

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8
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

sends signals from senses, skin, muscles, internal organs to CNS

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9
Q

motor neurons?

A

transmit commands from the CNS to the muscles, glands and organs.

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10
Q

interneurons?

A

CNS neurons that link sensory inputs and motor outputs

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11
Q

Brain stem

A

inner core of brain. connects to the spinal cord. contains medulla, pons, reticular formation.

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12
Q

Medulla

A

brainstem structure that controls involuntary functions. swallowing, breathing, heart rate.

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13
Q

pons

A

play a tole in sleep and arousal connects higher and lower regions of brain. brainstem

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14
Q

Reticular formation

A

group of nerve cells in brainstem controls sleep arousal and attention.

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15
Q

Cerebellum (little brain)

A

little brain. plays a role in balance and coordination and complex voluntary movements.

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16
Q

basal ganglia

A

gray matter in brain. helps initiate and coordinate deliberate movements. (turning head/ reaching for something)

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17
Q

Limbic System

A

thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus. loosely connected structures in brain that help to regulate emotion and memory.

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18
Q

thalamus

A

limbic structure, relays neural messages between the senses and areas of cerebral cortex.

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19
Q

amygdala(anger)

A

limbic, controls fear, anger and aggression.

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20
Q

hippocampus

A

limbic. plays role in memory the largest

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21
Q

hypothalamus

A

kidney bean size limbic, helps regulate the autonomic nervous system, endocrine, emotions and drives like hunger and sex

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22
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

the outermost covering of brain responsible for higher order mental processes more wrinkles=more complex.

23
Q

Frontal lobes

A

behind forehead

24
Q

temporal lobes(temples)

A

at the temples above ear

25
Q

parietal lobes

A

in the back at top of skull

26
Q

occipital lobes

A

in the back at the base of the skull

27
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

are that receives sensory information from the touch receptors in skin

28
Q

motor cortex

A

area that sends impulses to voluntary muscles

29
Q

association cortex

A

communicates with the sensory and motor areas and house the brain’s higher mental processes. damage result in changed spatial awareness

30
Q

Broca’s area (speech)

A

region of left hemisphere that directs the muscle movements in production of soeech and comprehension

31
Q

Wernike’s area (comprehension)

A

Region involved in comprehension of language. found that damage to temporal lobes loss of comprehension of language.

32
Q

neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine

A

links motor neurons and muscles. walk, talk, dance ACh released. lacking: alzheimers

33
Q

neurotransmitter:Dopamine

A

voluntary movements linked to muscle activity. rewarding behavior like drugs and food. parkinson’s disease- hand tremors

34
Q

neurotransmitter: endorphines

A

“runners high” trigger by pain natural opiates relieve pain by injury/labor pains

35
Q

corpus callosum

A

a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the right and left hemisphere

36
Q

Split brain

A

a surgically produced condition in which corpus callosum is severed. worked for epilepsy treatment. most input to one hemisphere gets trapped

37
Q

describe how each hemisphere processes sensory info

A

left hemisphere get sensory info and sends motor commands to right side of body. right hemisphere gets info from the left side of body.

38
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

tendency for each hemisphere of the brain to specialize in different functions

39
Q

left hemisphere

A

largely controls verbal activities reading, writing, speaking.

40
Q

right hemisphere

A

plays a role in non verbal activities. visual spatial, music, recognition of faces

41
Q

structure of neuron:soma

A

cell body

42
Q

structure of neuron: dendrites

A

extensions from the cell body of a neuron that receive incoming impulses.

43
Q

axon

A

extension of cell body of a neuron send impulses to other neurons

44
Q

myelin sheath

A

layer of fatty cells tightly wrapped around axon to insulate it and speed up electrical impulses.

45
Q

neurogenesis

A

the production of new brain cells. happens beyond infancy. billions of cells between birth and age 6. adult brain spawns new cells in hippocampus.

46
Q

resting potential

A

When a neuron is at rest, the inside of the cell has a negative
charge relative to the outside, making it a store of potential
energy.

47
Q

plasticity

A

a capacity to change based on experience. can recover from injury

48
Q

phantom pain

A

amputees often feel excruciating pain in area of lost limb. brains capacity for reorganization and growth.

49
Q

action potential

A

an electrical impulse that surges along an axon, caused by influx of positive ions. certain threshold must be reached for this to happen. signals must exceed a certain intensity.

50
Q

what are receptors

A

specialized neural cells that receive neurotransmitters. on dendrites.

51
Q

synaptic gap. synapse

A

junction between axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another

52
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Ex: dopamine chemical messengers that send messages across synaptic gap. when impulse reaches axon causes release of these. some neurotransmitters will fire an action potential in others and others with stop firing of others.

53
Q

norepinephrine

A

increases arousal

54
Q

GABA

A

lowers arousal

Psychology (3 decks)

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