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Psychology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

scientific study of behavior, the mind and its biological bases.

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2
Q

Scientific and behavior

A

systematic, objective methods of observation; any activity that can be observed or measured

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3
Q

Where does psychology originate?

A

Origins in philosophy (Ancient Greece) Philosophers: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. “pleasure, pain”. Physicians Hippocrates and Galen: identified importance of the brain and psychological disorders.

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4
Q

what is the Mind-body problem?

A

Relationship between mind and body. Are they connected?

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5
Q

What is monism?

A

assumption that The body and mind are one working together. Thomas Hobbes

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6
Q

What is dualism?

A

assumption that body and mind are separate but still interacting. Descartes

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7
Q

What is Physiology?

A

The study of living organisms

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8
Q

Who was Hermann von Helmholtz?

A

studied receptors in eye and ear/ speed of neural impulses, color vision, space perception.

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9
Q

Who was Gustav Fechner?

A

Founded psychophysics, the study of the relationship between physical stimulus and our subjective sensations.

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10
Q

Who was Emil Kraepelin?

A

Mental disorders are like physical illness, made 1st system for classifying disorders.

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11
Q

Who is Jean Charcot

A

discovered that patients suffering from nervous disorders could sometimes be cured through hypnosis.

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12
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

founded 1st lab devoted to scientific study of mind. STUDY OF THE CONSCIOUS

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13
Q

what is structuralism?

A

Developed by Wundt’s student Titchner. a theory of consciousness by breaking down consciousness into elements that constitute the mind using introspection. into most basic elements.

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14
Q

What is introspection?

A

Wundt’s method of having trained observers describe their reaction to a stimuli. Attention span, reaction time.

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15
Q

Who is William James?

A

Professor at Harvard, offered his 1st psychology course 1875. Published principles of psychology wrote about stream of consciousness, link between mind and body. STUDY OF THE CONSCIOUS

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16
Q

Who was Sigmund Freud?

A

Neurologist developed a different approach to psychology. created psychoanalysis: theory that our motives are largely unconscious. mind is like an iceberg.

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17
Q

Who is John Watson?

A

American psychologist who experimented with animals. redefined psychology as the study of observable behaviors. behaviorism: thought that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior.

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18
Q

What was the Little Albert Experiment?

A

A 9 month old boy was conditioned to fear objects by John Watson.

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19
Q

What is Cognition?

A

“cognitive revolution” psychology shifted from limiting themselves to observable behavior to cognitive. refers to mental processes like thinking, knowing and remembering or mental processes between stimulus and response.

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20
Q

Who was HIppocrates?

A

“Father of modern medicine” 1st to recognize difference in mental illnesses

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21
Q

what is the biological perspective?

A

biological aspects of human nature

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22
Q

cognitive perspective?

A

inner processes

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23
Q

developmental perspective?

A

ways people develop over a life span

24
Q

social psychological perspective?

A

influences of other people on individual.

25
Q

sociocultural perspective?

A

dynamics of society and culture on human behavior.

26
Q

clinical perspective?

A

understanding treatment of abnormal behavior.

27
Q

positive psychological perspective?

A

promotion and maintenance of positive health and wellness to prevent illness.

28
Q

health perspective?

A

influences of the individual and health care on health.

29
Q

educational perspective?

A

human learning across lifespan.

30
Q

school perspective?

A

ways to improve education and learning via better diagnosis and treatment for students.

31
Q

counseling perspective?

A

ways to improve the health and wellness of patients in general practice and students in education.

32
Q

Forensic Psychological perspective?

A

Applied issues related to law and the legal system

33
Q

Industrial/organizational perspective?

A

issues related to individuals and groups in the workplace, regional, national and global impacts of business.

34
Q

Subfield: Geropsychology

A

developmental psychology dedicated to understanding and helping people with the mental and physical changes of aging.

35
Q

Subfield; Behavioral neuroscience

A

studies the links among the brain, nervous system and behavior. clinical:focuses on how abnormalities in the brain and nervous can alter thoughts, mems etc./ trigger psycho disorders. cognitive: record physical activity in different parts of the brain as a subject reads, speaks etc.

36
Q

subfield: Industrial/ organizational

A

applied field of psychology that address issues related to workplace settings.

37
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

process of solving problems and making decisions through careful evaluation of evidence

38
Q

Describe the 1st step in the research process.

A

Theory: an organized set of principles that predicts explains some phenomenon. Can come from logic, experience, observation

39
Q

What is the second step of the research process?

A

Hypothesis: a specific testable prediction derived from a theory. Test hypothesis to evaluate theory

40
Q

What is a operational definition?

A

needed to make a hypothesis. a concrete definition of a research variable in terms of the procedures needed to control and measure it. describes behavior so that it is observable and measurable.

41
Q

Measurement:what is a construct?

A

a variable that is known to exist but cannot be observed directly. Example: depression, self esteem

42
Q

What is a random sample?

A

a method of selection where everyone who meets the criteria for the research question has an equal chance of being chosen.

43
Q

Name the two research settings.

A

Laboratory research: research conducted in an environment that can be regulated and participants can be observed carefully.
Field research: research conducted in real-world locations, cannot control every aspect.

44
Q

What is a Physiological measure?

A

a type of measurement in which researchers record physical responses of the brain or body in a human or animal. measures stress, sleep, arousal.

45
Q

Measurements: what is a self report?

A

method of observation that involves asking people to describe their own thoughts feelings and behaviors, can be innaccurate.

46
Q

Measurements: Behavioral Observation?

A

form of research based on the firsthand observation of a subject’s behavior. blinking, movements

47
Q

Measurements:Archival research?

A

form of research that relies on existing records of past behavior. Example: medical records, birth rates

48
Q

What is statistics?

A

A branch of mathematics that is used for analyzing research data. can describe results in percentages, frequencies

49
Q

Type of research: What are correlations?

A

strength (-1 to 1). HIGHER CORRELATION = STRONGER. A statistical measure of the extent to which two variables are associated. positive, two variables increase or decrease together, in the same direction. negative, when an increase in one variable is accompanied by the decrease in the other. ON SCATTERPLOT LINE POINTING DOWN MEANS NEGATIVE UP MEANS POSITIVE.

50
Q

Type of research: what is Descriptive research?

A

goal is to describe a person, group or a psychological phenomenon through systematic observation. case studies, surveys, naturalistic oberservations- observing in the real world- ethogram: a grid of predetermined behavior.

51
Q

Type of research: Experiments

A

the investigator varies some factors, keeps others constant and measures the effects on randomly assigned participants.

52
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

a variable that the researcher manipulates in an experiment

53
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

a variable that is being measured in an experiment.

54
Q

Experimental group?

A

any condition of an experiment in which participants are exposed to an independent variable.

55
Q

Control group?

A

condition of an experiment in which participants are not exposed to the independent variable. constant, measure the effect.

Psychology (3 decks)

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