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MCAT > Psychology 2 (complete) > Flashcards

Psychology 2 (complete) Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

what is attention

A

concentrating on one aspect of environmental stimuli while excluding other stimuli

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2
Q

what is divided attention

A

focusing on multiple things at once

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3
Q

what is selective attention

A

focusing on one thing, ignoring everything else

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4
Q

cocktail party effect

A

when you are paying attention to one thing and your attention is suddenly drawn to something else
ex. you’re at a party and hear your name somewhere else

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5
Q

who is the person recognized for the cognitive development theory

A

jean piaget

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6
Q

what is a schema

A

a mental blueprint showing how to behave in certain situations or scenarios

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7
Q

piaget’s stages of cognitive development
include ages and function

A

sensorimotor: birth to 2 (coordination and motor responses)
preoperational: 2-7 (irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism)
concrete operational: 7-11 (mental operations, mastery of conservation)
formal operational: 11-adult (abstract, logic thinking)

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8
Q

what effect does aging have on brain volume and neural plasticity?

A

both decrease

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9
Q

what effect does aging have on overall/working memory? how about procedural memory? how about semantic?

A

overall/working: decrease
procedural/semantic: stable

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10
Q

what effect does culture have on cognitive development

A

different expectations & traditions result in different development

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11
Q

what effect does heredity have on cognitive development

A

people can inherit genetic predispositions

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12
Q

what effect does environment have on cognitive development

A

different parenting styles reward different behavior

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13
Q

what effect biology culture have on cognitive development

A

metabolic/biological conditions can alter cognition

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14
Q

mental set definition

A

inflexibility of applying previously used complicated solutions to new problems despite the presence of easier methods

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15
Q

cognitive bias

A

any error of thinking that leads to inaccuracies on a failure to consider all options

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16
Q

functional fixedness

A

obstacle in our mind that prevents us from using things beyond traditional use

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17
Q

anchoring bias

A

people are over-reliant on the first piece of information they hear

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18
Q

availability heuristic

A

people overestimate the importance of information that is available to them

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19
Q

confirmation bias

A

we tend to only listen to information that confirms our preconceptions

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19
Q

conservation bias

A

when people favor prior evidence over new evidence that has emerged
ex. people were slow to accept that earth was round bc they already had accepted that earth was flat

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20
Q

overconfidence

A

being too confident about our abilities, causing us to take greater risks in our daily lives

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21
Q

what is trial and error

A

try something different until it works
ex. moving to different locations until you find one you like

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22
Q

what is algorithms

A

step-by-step flowchart-like approach
ex. pros and cons list

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23
Q

heuristics are?

A

mental shortcuts that can either be helpful or result in cognitive bias (any error of thinking that leads to inaccuracies on a failure to consider all options)

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24
Q

what is intuition?

A

going with your gut

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25
Q

deductive vs inductive reasoning

A

i: specific to general
d: general to specific

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26
Q

representative heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things terms of how well they represent or match a prototype

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27
Q

what is gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

intelligence isn’t universal, it can manifest in different ways

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28
Q

galton’s genetic intelligence theory

A

introduced the idea of nature vs. nurture and performed first twin studies
believed intelligence is hereditary

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29
Q

what did Binet do

A

developed intelligence scale and first IQ test

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30
Q

what are 4 things that IQ is influenced by

A
  • level of parental expectation
  • socioeconomic status
  • early educational intervention
  • adequate nutrition
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31
Q

how many sleep stages are there

A

stages 1-4 and REM
so 5 total

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32
Q

what stage of sleep does dreaming happen

A

REM

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33
Q

what stage of sleep does deep sleep happen

A

stages 3/4

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34
Q

what is parasomnia

A

abnormal movements, behavior, perceptions, or emotions during sleep

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35
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking (think: sonam kapoor walks well)

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36
Q

dyssomnia

A

difficulty falling/staying asleep, or avoiding sleep

36
Q

what are night terrors and what stage of sleep does it happen

A

periods of anxiety or dread during deep sleep
stage 3/4

37
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty falling/staying asleep

38
Q

sleep apnea

A

difficulty breathing while asleep

39
Q

narcolepsy

A

difficulty staying awake

40
Q

cataplexy

A

sleep paralysis

41
Q

who proposed the idea that dreams are expressions of unconscious desires

A

freud

42
Q

who proposed the idea that dreams are a conceptualization of our thoughts and experiences

A

hall

43
Q

what is hypnosis

A

trance-like highly suggestible state

44
Q

meditation is?

A

altered mental state intended to promote focus and well-being

45
Q

LSD, shrooms are examples of

A

hallucinogens

46
Q

alcohol, barbiturates are examples of

A

depressants
Think: downers

47
Q

amphetamines, cocaine and ecstasy are

A

stimulants
think: uppers

48
Q

opioids are examples of

A

pain killers

49
Q

is marijuana an upper or downer?

A

both depending on dose

50
Q

in what system does the drug addiction stimulates the dopamine reward pathway?

A

limbic system

51
Q

what is broca’s area

A

speech production

52
Q

what is wernicke’s area

A

speech processing area

53
Q

what connects both broca and wernicke areas

A

arcuate fasciculus

54
Q

what side of the brain is broca and wernicke’s area on

A

left

55
Q

in reference to theories of language, explain:
learning
nativist
interactionist

A

learning: we learn language based on behaviorist approaches and operant learning, such as rewards and punishment
nativist: language is innate and it developed on its own
interactionist: we learn language by interacting with others

56
Q

what are the 7 universal emotions

A

CHAD SurFS
contempt
happiness
anger
disgust
surprise
fear
sadness

57
Q

what is the process of the james-lange theory

A

action before emotion
think: jAmEs lAngE - A before E
ex. arousal leads to heart pounding which leads to fear(emotion)

58
Q

what is the process of the cannon-bard theory

A

both emotion and action happen at the same time
think: cannon hitting you with two things

59
Q

what is the process of the schachter-singer two factor theory

A

action and cognitive label happen at the same time, and then comes the emotion

60
Q

what is the Lazarus theory

A

labels first, then comes action/emotion
L=labels

61
Q

what does the amygdala control

A

emotions

62
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

homeostasis

63
Q

what does the thalamus do

A

relays information

64
Q

what does the hippocampus do

A

memory conversion

65
Q

periods of extreme emotion:
what happens to skin temperature in fear? how about anger?

A

fear: decreases
anger: increases

66
Q

periods of extreme emotion:
what happens to skin conductivity when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

increase

67
Q

periods of extreme emotion:
what happens to heart rate in anger? fear? happiness?

A

anger/fear: increase
happiness: decrease

68
Q

periods of extreme emotion:
what happens to blood pressure in anger? fear? sadness? happiness?

A

all cause BP to increase

69
Q

what is primary appraisal

A

initial evaluation determines whether a stressor is IRRELEVANT, Benign-positive(good), or stressful (bad)

70
Q

what is secondary appraisal

A

if the stressor is negative, we determine whether or not we have the resources to deal with it

71
Q

eustress vs distress

A

eustress: makes you better, doesn’t last long
distress: leaves you worse, lasts a while

72
Q

what is the general adaptation syndrome

A

our stress response system defends, then fatigues

73
Q

problem solving approach vs emotional approach

A

p: find solutions, take action, get help
e: change how you think about the stressor, take responsibility

74
Q

incentive theory

A

our behavior is dictated by a desire for external rewards

75
Q

what is the maslow’s pyramid of needs composed of?

A

basic needs: physiological, safety
psychological: love/belonging, esteem
self actualization/fulfilment

76
Q

in the self determination theory, what are the three basic human needs?

A

competence: need to be effective in dealing with environment
autonomy: need to control the course of their lives
relatedness: need to have a close, affectionate relationships with others

77
Q

what is the cognitive theory

A

we act based on plans, goals, and expectations

78
Q

extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation

A

e: motivated to perform an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment
i: motivated to perform an activity for its own sake and personal rewards

79
Q

what is the definition of attitude?

A

a learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way

80
Q

role-playing effects

A

a person acting out a role is likely to internalize the attitudes associated with that role

81
Q

zimbardo prison study

A

group of college students were placed in the position of prison guards over another group of college students. the study had to be ended early because the ‘guards’ became so harsh and the ‘prisoners became depressed

82
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

internal conflict that occurs in a person when they hold two conflicting beliefs simultaneously

83
Q

internal vs external locus of control

A

internal: outcomes within your control
external: outcomes outside your control

84
Q

kohlberg’s moral stages are

A

preconventional: up to age of 9
conventional: adolescents and adults
postconventional

85
Q

erikson’s stages of psychological development

A

infancy: Mistrust vs trust
early childhood: Shame/doubt vs autonomy
preschool: Guilt vs initiative
school: Inferiority vs industry
adolescence: Role confusion vs identity
young adulthood: Intimacy vs isolation
middle adulthood: Stagnation vs generativity
maturity: Despair vs ego integrity

My Slutty Girl In Red Is Sucking D*ck

86
Q

freud’s theory of psychosexual development

A

oral (0-1): sucking, tasting etc
anal (1-3): toilet training
phallic (3-6): differences between sexes
latent (6-puberty): peer/social relationships and gender roles
genital (puberty-adult): sexual desires and urges directed toward others

87
Q

social identity theory

A

how people develop their identities. people develop their identity interaction with society

88
Q

role taking vs looking-glass self

A

r: adopting and acting out a particular social role
L: how I think other perceive me

89
Q

what is shadowing
think in terms of ears/hearing

A

when you are asked to repeat/recall information that you heard (usually to a specific ear)

MCAT (13 decks)

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