Psychology 2 (complete) Flashcards
what is attention
concentrating on one aspect of environmental stimuli while excluding other stimuli
what is divided attention
focusing on multiple things at once
what is selective attention
focusing on one thing, ignoring everything else
cocktail party effect
when you are paying attention to one thing and your attention is suddenly drawn to something else
ex. you’re at a party and hear your name somewhere else
who is the person recognized for the cognitive development theory
jean piaget
what is a schema
a mental blueprint showing how to behave in certain situations or scenarios
piaget’s stages of cognitive development
include ages and function
sensorimotor: birth to 2 (coordination and motor responses)
preoperational: 2-7 (irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism)
concrete operational: 7-11 (mental operations, mastery of conservation)
formal operational: 11-adult (abstract, logic thinking)
what effect does aging have on brain volume and neural plasticity?
both decrease
what effect does aging have on overall/working memory? how about procedural memory? how about semantic?
overall/working: decrease
procedural/semantic: stable
what effect does culture have on cognitive development
different expectations & traditions result in different development
what effect does heredity have on cognitive development
people can inherit genetic predispositions
what effect does environment have on cognitive development
different parenting styles reward different behavior
what effect biology culture have on cognitive development
metabolic/biological conditions can alter cognition
mental set definition
inflexibility of applying previously used complicated solutions to new problems despite the presence of easier methods
cognitive bias
any error of thinking that leads to inaccuracies on a failure to consider all options
functional fixedness
obstacle in our mind that prevents us from using things beyond traditional use
anchoring bias
people are over-reliant on the first piece of information they hear
availability heuristic
people overestimate the importance of information that is available to them
confirmation bias
we tend to only listen to information that confirms our preconceptions
conservation bias
when people favor prior evidence over new evidence that has emerged
ex. people were slow to accept that earth was round bc they already had accepted that earth was flat
overconfidence
being too confident about our abilities, causing us to take greater risks in our daily lives
what is trial and error
try something different until it works
ex. moving to different locations until you find one you like
what is algorithms
step-by-step flowchart-like approach
ex. pros and cons list
heuristics are?
mental shortcuts that can either be helpful or result in cognitive bias (any error of thinking that leads to inaccuracies on a failure to consider all options)
what is intuition?
going with your gut
deductive vs inductive reasoning
i: specific to general
d: general to specific
representative heuristic
judging the likelihood of things terms of how well they represent or match a prototype
what is gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
intelligence isn’t universal, it can manifest in different ways
galton’s genetic intelligence theory
introduced the idea of nature vs. nurture and performed first twin studies
believed intelligence is hereditary
what did Binet do
developed intelligence scale and first IQ test
what are 4 things that IQ is influenced by
- level of parental expectation
- socioeconomic status
- early educational intervention
- adequate nutrition
how many sleep stages are there
stages 1-4 and REM
so 5 total
what stage of sleep does dreaming happen
REM
what stage of sleep does deep sleep happen
stages 3/4
what is parasomnia
abnormal movements, behavior, perceptions, or emotions during sleep
somnambulism
sleep walking (think: sonam kapoor walks well)
dyssomnia
difficulty falling/staying asleep, or avoiding sleep
what are night terrors and what stage of sleep does it happen
periods of anxiety or dread during deep sleep
stage 3/4
insomnia
difficulty falling/staying asleep
sleep apnea
difficulty breathing while asleep
narcolepsy
difficulty staying awake
cataplexy
sleep paralysis
who proposed the idea that dreams are expressions of unconscious desires
freud
who proposed the idea that dreams are a conceptualization of our thoughts and experiences
hall
what is hypnosis
trance-like highly suggestible state
meditation is?
altered mental state intended to promote focus and well-being
LSD, shrooms are examples of
hallucinogens
alcohol, barbiturates are examples of
depressants
Think: downers
amphetamines, cocaine and ecstasy are
stimulants
think: uppers
opioids are examples of
pain killers
is marijuana an upper or downer?
both depending on dose
in what system does the drug addiction stimulates the dopamine reward pathway?
limbic system
what is broca’s area
speech production
what is wernicke’s area
speech processing area
what connects both broca and wernicke areas
arcuate fasciculus
what side of the brain is broca and wernicke’s area on
left
in reference to theories of language, explain:
learning
nativist
interactionist
learning: we learn language based on behaviorist approaches and operant learning, such as rewards and punishment
nativist: language is innate and it developed on its own
interactionist: we learn language by interacting with others
what are the 7 universal emotions
CHAD SurFS
contempt
happiness
anger
disgust
surprise
fear
sadness
what is the process of the james-lange theory
action before emotion
think: jAmEs lAngE - A before E
ex. arousal leads to heart pounding which leads to fear(emotion)
what is the process of the cannon-bard theory
both emotion and action happen at the same time
think: cannon hitting you with two things
what is the process of the schachter-singer two factor theory
action and cognitive label happen at the same time, and then comes the emotion
what is the Lazarus theory
labels first, then comes action/emotion
L=labels
what does the amygdala control
emotions
what does the hypothalamus do
homeostasis
what does the thalamus do
relays information
what does the hippocampus do
memory conversion
periods of extreme emotion:
what happens to skin temperature in fear? how about anger?
fear: decreases
anger: increases
periods of extreme emotion:
what happens to skin conductivity when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
increase
periods of extreme emotion:
what happens to heart rate in anger? fear? happiness?
anger/fear: increase
happiness: decrease
periods of extreme emotion:
what happens to blood pressure in anger? fear? sadness? happiness?
all cause BP to increase
what is primary appraisal
initial evaluation determines whether a stressor is IRRELEVANT, Benign-positive(good), or stressful (bad)
what is secondary appraisal
if the stressor is negative, we determine whether or not we have the resources to deal with it
eustress vs distress
eustress: makes you better, doesn’t last long
distress: leaves you worse, lasts a while
what is the general adaptation syndrome
our stress response system defends, then fatigues
problem solving approach vs emotional approach
p: find solutions, take action, get help
e: change how you think about the stressor, take responsibility
incentive theory
our behavior is dictated by a desire for external rewards
what is the maslow’s pyramid of needs composed of?
basic needs: physiological, safety
psychological: love/belonging, esteem
self actualization/fulfilment
in the self determination theory, what are the three basic human needs?
competence: need to be effective in dealing with environment
autonomy: need to control the course of their lives
relatedness: need to have a close, affectionate relationships with others
what is the cognitive theory
we act based on plans, goals, and expectations
extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation
e: motivated to perform an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment
i: motivated to perform an activity for its own sake and personal rewards
what is the definition of attitude?
a learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way
role-playing effects
a person acting out a role is likely to internalize the attitudes associated with that role
zimbardo prison study
group of college students were placed in the position of prison guards over another group of college students. the study had to be ended early because the ‘guards’ became so harsh and the ‘prisoners became depressed
cognitive dissonance theory
internal conflict that occurs in a person when they hold two conflicting beliefs simultaneously
internal vs external locus of control
internal: outcomes within your control
external: outcomes outside your control
kohlberg’s moral stages are
preconventional: up to age of 9
conventional: adolescents and adults
postconventional
erikson’s stages of psychological development
infancy: Mistrust vs trust
early childhood: Shame/doubt vs autonomy
preschool: Guilt vs initiative
school: Inferiority vs industry
adolescence: Role confusion vs identity
young adulthood: Intimacy vs isolation
middle adulthood: Stagnation vs generativity
maturity: Despair vs ego integrity
My Slutty Girl In Red Is Sucking D*ck
freud’s theory of psychosexual development
oral (0-1): sucking, tasting etc
anal (1-3): toilet training
phallic (3-6): differences between sexes
latent (6-puberty): peer/social relationships and gender roles
genital (puberty-adult): sexual desires and urges directed toward others
social identity theory
how people develop their identities. people develop their identity interaction with society
role taking vs looking-glass self
r: adopting and acting out a particular social role
L: how I think other perceive me
what is shadowing
think in terms of ears/hearing
when you are asked to repeat/recall information that you heard (usually to a specific ear)
