Biology 3 Flashcards
function of digestive system
digest food into simple components for absorption and energy usage
mechanical vs chemical digestion
m: chewing, stomach churning
c: breakdown of bonds through the use of enzymes
function of liver
creates bile, filters blood, stores glycogen
function of gallbladder
stores bile
function of small intestine
continues nutrient breakdown, nutrient absorption
function of pancreas
cells secrete glucagon
B cells secrete insulin
carbohydrates (breakdown and absorption)
breakdown begins in mouth (amylase), continues in the stomach, and absorption occurs in the small intestine
proteins (breakdown and absorption)
breakdown begins in the stomach (pepsin) and absorption occurs in the small intestine
lipids (breakdown and absorption)
breakdown begins in the small intestine, and lipids are absorbed into the lacteals
what does the immune system do
protects body from foreign pathogens
where do B lymphocytes form? where do they mature?
form and mature in bone marrow
where do T lymphocytes form? where do they mature?
form in bone marrow and mature in thymus
what does the bone marrow do
act as the site of erythrocyte and leukocyte production
what does the thymus do
site of t cell maturation
what does the spleen do
filters blood
what do lymph nodes do
high concentration of B/T cells, filter blood
innate immunity
present from birth, NON-SPECIFIC
ex. fever, inflammation, stomach acid
acquired immunity includes what two kinds of immunities
humoral/b-cell/antibody mediated
cell-mediated/t-cell
function of phosphatase
remove phosphate group
function of phosphorylase
add phosphate group
function of kinase
enzymes that modify protein targets by the transfer of (add) phosphate groups
function of transferase
enzymes that catalyze the transfer of functional groups between molecules
function of decarboxylase
removal of a carbon from the carbon chain
function of dehydrogenases
enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions
what is an ionophore
compounds that bind to ions and facilitate their movements across membranes
ion exchange chromatography
separate proteins based on charge
gel filtration
separate proteins based on size
if there is a X-linked disease, will daughters inherit it or sons
sons will inherit 100% of it bc dudes only have 1 X chromosome so they have no choice
daughters can inherit 1 X from mom and 1 from dad, so if a disease is recessive then they won’t get it but if it is not then they will
Keq > 1, is the reaction exergonic or endergonic?
exergonic
Keq < 1, is the reaction exergonic or endergonic?
endergonic
if you want the reaction to be kinetically fast, should the activation energy be high or low
low
what do pancreatic beta cells secrete? how about pancreatic alpha cells?
alpha: glucagon is secreted in response to low blood glucose levels
beta: Insulin is secreted in response to high blood glucose levels
hypothalamus
regulates the body’s homeostasis and stimulates productions of hormones
thalamus
retrieves sensory information. It conveys information about movement and senses to the cortex.
what is the primary enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of fats in the small intestine
pancreatic lipase
which nitrogenous base is the heaviest? lightest?
heaviest is guanine
lightest is cytosine
myopia
nearsightedness
hyperopia
farsightedness (think: a person that is hyper will go far)
what lens is needed to fix myopia
think: My Diving Cave is Near
myopia needs diverging/concave
creates virtual upright images
what lens is needed to fix hyperopia
convex aka converging
creates real inverted images
