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MCAT Review Sheet Flashcards

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1
Q

what can cause denaturation

A

heat and solutes

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2
Q

myosin is a motor or structural protein?

A

motor

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3
Q

kinesin is a motor or structural protein?

A

motor

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4
Q

collagen is a motor or structural protein?

A

structural

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5
Q

actin is a motor or structural protein?

A

structural

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6
Q

dynein is a motor or structural protein?

A

motor

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7
Q

keratin is a motor or structural protein?

A

structural

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8
Q

elastin is a motor or structural protein?

A

structural

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9
Q

tubulin is a motor or structural protein?

A

structural

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10
Q

what do binding proteins do?

A

bind a specific substrate, either to sequester it in the body or hold its concentration at steady state

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11
Q

what do cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) do

A

bind cells to other cells or surfaces

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12
Q

what do antibodies target

A

antigens, which is a protein on the surface of a pathogen or toxin

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13
Q

ion channels

A

used for regulating ion flow into or out of a cell

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14
Q

ligases

A

responsible for joining two large biomolecules, often the same type

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15
Q

isomerases

A

catalyze the interconversion of isomers, including both constitutional and stereoisomers

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16
Q

lyases

A

catalyze cleavage without the addition of water and without transfer of electrons
the reverse reaction (synthesis) is usually more biologically important

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17
Q

hydrolases

A

catalyzes cleavage with the addition of water

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18
Q

oxidoreductases

A

catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions that involve the transfer of electrons

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19
Q

transferases

A

move a functional group from one molecule to another

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20
Q

do enzymes alter free energy or enthalpy

A

neither

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21
Q

what do enzymes do

A

lower activation energy

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22
Q

what are trioses

A

3 carbon sugars

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23
Q

what are tetroses

A

4 carbon sugars

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24
Q

what is the difference between paramagnetic and diamagnetic?

A

p: electrons are NOT paired; they react with magnetic field
d: electrons are paired; less likely to react with magnetic field

think: di=pair (like diastereomers)

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25
Q

what is nuclear binding energy

A

energy needed to disassemble or assemble a nucleus

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26
Q

in nuclear binding energy, what kind of charge is associated with disassemble and assemble?

A

D: +charge because it uses energy
A: -charge because it gives off energy

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27
Q

what happens in 1,4-B linkage?

A

H2O is always lost

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28
Q

if there is a lower energy transition state, does that mean it is less or more stable

A

more stable

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29
Q

what do catalyst at the end of the reaction do

A

they always go back to the original form

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30
Q

left brain vs right brain

A

left: logic, linguistic etc.
right: colorful and creative

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31
Q

what kind of bonds does cysteine have?

A

disulfide bond

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32
Q

what makes and breaks disulfide bonds

A

bonds are made by oxidation and broken by reduction

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33
Q

in ideal gas, what is the fixed molar volume

A

22.4L per mole

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34
Q

what is the specific heat capacity of water

A

4.2

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35
Q

what is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70

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36
Q

equation of power

A

power= force x velocity

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37
Q

when an impurity is introduced, what happens to the melting point?

A

decreases

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38
Q

in a graph, what does repolarization, hyperpolarization, and depolarization mean

A

depol: going up on the curve
repol: going down on the curve
hyperpol: the deep plunge beneath the dotted line

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39
Q

in D vs L amino acids, which goes right and left? think in terms of fischer projections

A

NH3+ goes left for L (L for left)
NH3+ goes right for D

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40
Q

in a fischer projection, where is the position of the R and what about the carboxylic acid?

A

carboxylic is on top and R on bottom
think:R on bottom(bottom=rear end)

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41
Q

what is the difference between nucleosides and nucleotides

A

sides: contain 5 carbon sugar bound to a nitrogenous base
tides: nucleosides with 1-3 phosphate groups

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42
Q

what is the watson-crick model

A

DNA is made up of alternating sugars and phosphate groups and is always read 5’-3’
two strands with antiparallel polarity
wound into a double helix

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43
Q

which nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

adenosine and guanine

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44
Q

which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

cystine, thymine, uracil

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45
Q

chargaffs rules state?

A

a=t
g=c
no more no less

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46
Q

heterochromatin vs euchromatin

A

h: dense, transcriptionally silent DNA
e: less dense, transcriptionally active DNA

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47
Q

DNA leading strand vs lagging strand

A

leading: requires only 1 primer
lagging: requires many primers

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48
Q

what is recombinant DNA

A

DNA composed of nucleotides from 2 different sources

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49
Q

what is the central dogma

A

DNA->RNA->proteins

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50
Q

in genetic code, what is the initiation and termination codons

A

start: AUG
stop: UAA, UGA, UAG

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51
Q

what is the result of a silent mutation

A

no effect on protein synthesis

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52
Q

what is the result of a nonsense(truncation) mutation

A

produce a premature stop codon

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53
Q

what is the result of missense mutations

A

produce codon that codes for different amino acid

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54
Q

what is the result of frameshift mutations

A

result from nucleotide addition or deletion and change the reading frame of subsequent codons

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55
Q

what are the three things that are different in RNA from DNA

A
  • substitute ribose sugar for deoxyribose
  • substitute uracil for thymine
  • single stranded instead of double
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56
Q

what are the three steps of transcription?

A
  • helicase and topoisomerase unwind DNA double helix
  • RNA polymerase 2 binds to TATA box within promoter
  • hnRNA synthesized from DNA template
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57
Q

what does alternative splicing do

A

combines different exons to acquire different gene products

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58
Q

what are the three stages of translation

A

initiation
elongation
termination

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59
Q

where does translation occur at

A

ribosome

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60
Q

what is the difference between promoters and enhancers

A

p: within 25 base pairs of the transcription start site
e: more than 25 base pairs away from the transcription start site

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61
Q

what is osmotic pressure

A

pressure applied to a pure solvent to prevent osmosis

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62
Q

what is osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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63
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

uses transport proteins to move impermeable solutes across the cell membrane

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64
Q

where does glycolysis occur? does it need O2?

A

occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
does not require O2

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65
Q

what is the end result of glycolysis

A

2 ATP per glucose

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66
Q

list the steps of citric acid cycle

A

Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money Officer?

start with pyruvate and acetyl-coA
citrate
isocitrate
Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Oxaloacetate

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67
Q

what is the proton motive force

A

electrochemical gradient generated by the electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane

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68
Q

glycogenesis

A

glycogen synthesis: building of glycogen using 2 main enzymes - glycogen synthase and branching enzyme

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69
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen using 2 main enzymes - glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme

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70
Q

gluconeogenesis occurs where?

A

occurs in both cytoplasm and mitochondria, predominantly in the liver

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71
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

reverse of glycolysis

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72
Q

what are the layers of the skin

A

Come Lets Get Sun Burnt
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basalis

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73
Q

what is ectoderm

A

nervous system, epidermine, lens of eye, inner ear

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74
Q

endoderm

A

lining of digestive tract, lungs, liver and pancreas

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75
Q

mesoderm

A

muscles, skeleton, kidney, gonads, circulatory system

76
Q

what are phospholipid bilayers composed of? describe exterior and interior

A

cholesterol and embedded proteins
exterior: hydrophilic phosphate head groups
interior: hydrophobic fatty acids

77
Q

cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells
cell is basic functional unit of life
cells arise from preexisting cells

78
Q

what is the peptidoglycan when it comes to gram positive and negative bacteria

A

positive: thick peptidoglycan
negative: thin

79
Q

how to prokaryotes divide

A

binary fission

80
Q

what are the three steps of osmoregulation

A

filtration, secretion, and reabsorption

81
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

ingestion of liquid into the cell from vesicles

82
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

ingestion of solid material into the cell

83
Q

where is the electron transport chain

A

matrix-facing surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane

84
Q

what happens in the electron transport chain

A

NADH donates electrons into the chain, which are passed from one complex to the next.
reduction potentials increase down the chain, until electrons end up on oxygen, which have the highest reduction potential

85
Q

what is palmitic acid

A

only fatty acid that humans can synthesize

86
Q

where is palmitic acid produced

A

in the cytoplasm from acetyl-CoA transported out of the mitochondria

87
Q

what does the liver do

A

maintain blood glucose
processes lipids, cholesterol, bile, urea, and toxins

88
Q

adipose does?

A

stores and releases lipids

89
Q

what do active muscle do

A

may use anaerobic metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation etc.

90
Q

what do resting muscles do

A

conserves carbohydrates as glycogen and uses free fatty acids for fuel

91
Q

what are the anterior pituitary hormones

A

FLAT PEG
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
Endorphins
Growth hormone

92
Q

what hormones are in the hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin
ADH/vasopressin

93
Q

what hormones are in thyroid

A

thyroid hormones
calcitonin

94
Q

what hormone is in the parathyroid

A

parathyroid hormone

95
Q

where is the epinephrine and norepinephrine found

A

adrenal medulla
think: adrenal bc both of these increase blood glucose and heart rate bc of sympathetic nervous system

96
Q

where are glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin found

A

pancreas

97
Q

testosterone is found?

A

testes

98
Q

what hormones are in the ovary

A

estrogen and progesterone

99
Q

what is the source of melatonin

A

pineal

100
Q

where can you find atrial natriuretic peptide

A

heart

101
Q

where is thymosin found

A

thymus

102
Q

what happens during resting potential

A

3 Na+ pumped out for every K+ pumped in

103
Q

what does action potential do

A

stimulus acts on the neuron, depolarizing the membrane of the cell body

104
Q

osteoblast vs osteoclast

A

blast: builds bone
clast: breaks down bone

105
Q

what is reformation in terms of bone formation/remodeling?

A

inorganic ions are absorbed from the blood for use in bone

106
Q

what is degradation in terms of bone formation/remodeling?

A

inorganic ions are released into the blood

107
Q

what is a sarcomere? is the actin and myosin thin or thick?

A

contractile unit of the fibers in skeletal muscle; contains thin actin and thick myosin filaments

108
Q

what is the circulatory pathway

A

superior and inferior vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> body

109
Q

how does the blood flow through the heart

A

Try Pulling My Aorta
T: tricuspid
P: pulmonary
M: mitral/bicuspid
A: aortic

110
Q

what is plasma

A

aqueous mix of nutrients, wastes, hormones, blood proteins, gases, and salts

111
Q

erythrocytes are

A

red blood cells, carry oxygen

112
Q

leukocytes are

A

white blood cells, function in immunity

113
Q

what do platelets assist in

A

clotting

114
Q

blood type A
RBC antigen:
antibodies:
donates to:
receives from:

A

RBC antigen: A
antibodies: anti-B
donates to: A, AB
receives from: A, O

115
Q

blood type B
RBC antigen:
antibodies:
donates to:
receives from:

A

RBC antigen: B
antibodies: anti-A
donates to: B, AB
receives from: B, O

116
Q

blood type AB
RBC antigen:
antibodies:
donates to:
receives from:

A

RBC antigen: A,B
antibodies: none
donates to: AB only
receives from: All

117
Q

blood type O
RBC antigen:
antibodies:
donates to:
receives from:

A

RBC antigen: none
antibodies: anti- A,B
donates to: all
receives from: O only

118
Q

where does a baby get oxygen and nutrients from

A

exchanges across placenta

119
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

alveoli

120
Q

active immunity is

A

antibodies are produced during an immune response

121
Q

passive immunity is

A

antibodies produced by one organism are transferred to another organism

122
Q

humoral immunity is also known as

A

specific defense

123
Q

B lymphocytes include what 2 cells

A

memory: remember antigen
plasma: make and release antibodies

124
Q

T lymphocytes includes what 4 cells

A

cytotoxic: destroys cell directly
helper t cell: activate B and T cells and macrophages
suppressor t cells: regulate b and t cells to decrease anti-antigen activity
memory t cells

125
Q

what do nonspecific immune response include

A

skin, passages lined with cilia, macrophages, inflammatory responses, interferons (proteins that help prevent the spread of a virus)

126
Q

what is the function of pepsin

A

hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds

127
Q

what is the function of trypsin

A

hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds

128
Q

law of segregation

A

homologous alleles separate so that each gamete has one copy of each gene

129
Q

law of independent assortment

A

alleles of unlinked genes assort independently in meiosis

130
Q

what are point mutations

A

one nucleotide is substituted by another; they are solent if the sequence of amino acids doesn’t chage

131
Q

what are frameshift mutations

A

insertions or deletions shift reading frame

132
Q

difference between lytic and lysogenic cycle

A

lytic: virus kills host cell
lysogenic: virus enters host genome

133
Q

electron configuration

A

1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d
7s 7p

134
Q

what are the electrons that do not follow the octet rule

A

H (2)
He (2)
Li (2)
Be (4)
B (6)

135
Q

what is hund’s rule

A

within a given subshell, orbitals are filled such that there a maximum number of half filled orbitals with parallel spins

136
Q

what is a polar covalent bond

A

bonding electron pair is not shared equally
it is pulled towards more electronegative atom

137
Q

if delta G is negative, the reaction spontaneous?

A

yes

138
Q

if delta G is positive, the reaction is spontaneous?

A

no

139
Q

what is entropy

A

measure of randomness (distribution of energy) throughout the system

140
Q

ideal gas law formula

A

PV=nRT

141
Q

as pressure of a gas increases, particles are pushed (closer/farther)

A

closer

142
Q

as temperature of a gas decreases, average velocity of the gas molecules (increases/decreases)

A

decreases

143
Q

diffusion vs effusion

A

d: occurs when gas molecules distribute through a volume by random motion
e: flow of gas particles under pressure from one compartment to another through a small opening

144
Q

what is oxidation

A

loss of electrons

145
Q

what is reduction

A

gain of electrons

146
Q

nucleophiles are

A

nucleus loving
tend to have lone pairs or pi ponds that can form new bonds to electrophiles

147
Q

electrophiles are

A

electron loving
tend to have a positive charge or positively polarized atom

148
Q

enantiomers

A

mirror images; opposite stereochemistry at every chiral carbon

149
Q

diastereomers

A

non-mirror images stereoisomers
differ at some but not all chiral carbons

150
Q

kinetic energy formula

A

K= 1/2mv^2

151
Q

newton’s law of gravitation

A

F= Gm1m2/r^2

152
Q

in ethics, what does beneficence mean

A

requirement to do good

153
Q

in ethics, what does nonmaleficence mean

A

do not harm

154
Q

in ethics, what does autonomy mean

A

right of individuals to make decisions for themselves

155
Q

in ethics, what does justice mean

A

need to consider only morally relevant differences between patients and to distribute healthcare resources fairly

156
Q

in a graph, what is the dependent variable? how about independent?

A

d: y axis
I: x axis
thin: you are trying to be independent from your x

157
Q

are transmembrane domains polar or nonpolar

A

nonpolar

158
Q

how should you think of the inhibitors in terms of Vmax and Km

A

think: CUN
VMax Km
C. stable. up
U. down. down
N. down. stable

159
Q

isomerase

A

Enzymes that restructure the chemical formula of a compound

160
Q

hydrolase

A

enzymes that catalyze bond cleavages by reaction with water

161
Q

transferase

A

Enzymes that transfer chemical groups between compounds

162
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

Enzymes that catalyze the removal of electrons and hydrogen atoms

163
Q

Cultural transmission

A

transmission of values and practices from one generation to another

164
Q

Cultural relativism

A

evaluating the cultural practices of a different society not from one’s own cultural perspective, but from that society’s perspective

165
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

mutual exchange of cultural values and practices among cultural groups in a society or among societies

166
Q

Cultural assimilation

A

social dynamic where a culture becomes indistinguishable from the majority culture

167
Q

what is the ideal gas law

A

PV=nRT
remember: R is 0.08206

168
Q

what is deposition in terms phase changes

A

gas to solid

169
Q

what is sublimation in terms of phase changes

A

solid to gas

170
Q

what is freezing in terms of phase changes

A

liquid to solid

171
Q

what kind of wave is light

A

electromagnetic wave

172
Q

what is dispersion

A

change in speed or change in index of refraction vs wavelength(or frequency)

173
Q

what is interference

A

when waves add or subtract with each other

174
Q

what is absorption

A

when a wave energy gets absorbed by a material

175
Q

what is polarization

A

when fields which make up the light wave have a definite direction in space

176
Q

is energy proportional or inversely proportional to frequency? why (think of formula)?

A

proportional
E=hf
h is plank’s constant

177
Q

is frequency proportional or inversely proportional to wavelength?

A

f=c/l
c is the speed of light
so it is inversely proportional

178
Q

what is modernization

A

reduced importance of religion as society industrializes

179
Q

what is secularization

A

reduced power of religion as religious involvement declines

180
Q

what is fundamentalism

A

renewed commitment to traditional religion as a reaction to secularization

181
Q

enantiomers are similar in what 3 properties

A

density
boiling point
IR spectrum

182
Q

Is CO2 basic or acidic

A

mildly acidic

183
Q

what does an allosteric inhibitor do

A

binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site

184
Q

is something more likely to go through a cell membrane if it is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic

185
Q

nocioreceptors are also known as

A

pain receptors

MCAT (13 decks)

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