Biology 2 Flashcards
which is NOT the function of the excretory system? and why?
- excrete liquid waste
- maintain blood pressure
- filter toxins from blood
- maintain blood osmolarity
filter toxins from blood; this is the job of the liver, which is not a part of the excretory system
what does aldosterone act on and what does it cause
acts on DISTAL convoluted tube and causes an increase in Na+/H2O reuptake
which hormone acts on the kidney in the renin-angiotensinogen pathway? what does this hormone cause?
aldosterone; causes an increase in blood pressure
true or false: as the diaphragm flexes, the volume of the chest decreases, resulting in exhalation
false: As the diaphragm contracts (or flexes), it moves downwards, increasing the volume of the chest cavity. This increase in volume decreases the pressure within the lungs, causing inhalation as air moves into the lungs to equalize the pressure with the surrounding atmosphere. Exhalation occurs when the diaphragm relaxes and moves back up, reducing the volume of the chest cavity.
which of these would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen?
- increased blood pH
- decreased temperature
- increased 2-3 DPG
- decreased blood CO2
increased 2-3 DPG
what contains valves: arteries and veins?
veins
true or false: arteries have thin walls
false: they have thick walls
do arteries have high pressure or low pressure?
high
what is the order of electrical conduction in the heart?
AV node
Bundle of His
SA node
Purkinje fibers
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers
what white blood cells have a long lifespan?
lymphocytes: they include memory cells
do neurons have the ability to replicate?
no
what do neurons use for energy?
glucose
what cell junction is present in an electrical synapse?
gap junction
true or false: sensory neurons are also known as afferent neurons
true
what junction is norepinephrine found at?
sympathetic or parasympathetic?
pre or post ganglionic
sympathetic postganglionic
which of these are exocrine glands?
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- adrenal gland
- sebaceous gland
sebaceous gland
what is the function of prolactin
stimulate milk PRODUCTION
what hormone is needed for the stimulation of milk secretion?
oxytocin
what is the function of the kidney
excrete liquid and solute waste,
maintain: pH, osmolarity, and blood pressure
what are venules
smallest veins
what are capillaries
smallest vessels
which organs and cells does the nervous system have?
includes brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, neural support cells (astrocytes, Schwann cells, ependymal cells etc.) and sensory organs such as the eyes and ears
describe the neuron structure
it starts with the large part as the dendrites being the outside spiky parts and the middle is the cell body (there is nucleus in the middle of the cell body).
the axon hillock connects the cell body to the long part. the long part is covered by the myelin sheath which has the Schwann cell in the middle. each part of the myelin sheath is separated by the nodes of ranvier. the ending is known as the axon terminal
in the sodium potassium pump, how many Na+ go in/out and how many K+ go in/out
3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ in the cell
what does the central nervous system include?
brain and spinal cord
interneurons only
what does the peripheral nervous system include
all neurons outside of CNS
both sensory and motor
what are the two branches from peripheral nervous system?
automatic and somatic
which would the motor and sensory fall under: automatic or somatic
automatic
would the parasympathetic and sympathetic fall under motor or sensory?
motor
what is the sympathetic system?
fight or flight: think people are sympathetic when you get into a fight or something that is dangerous
what is the parasympathetic system?
rest and digest
in the parasympathetic system, what happens to the
pupil
heart rate
blood pressure
blood flow to skeletal muscle
blood flow to digestive organs
blood flow to the brain
blood flow to the skin
pupil constriction
heart rate goes down
blood pressure goes down
blood flow to skeletal muscle goes down
blood flow to digestive organs goes up
blood flow to the brain goes down
blood flow to the skin goes up
in the sympathetic system, what happens to the
pupil
heart rate
blood pressure
blood flow to skeletal muscle
blood flow to digestive organs
blood flow to the brain
blood flow to the skin
pupil dilation
heart rate goes up
blood pressure goes up
blood flow to skeletal muscle goes up
blood flow to digestive organs goes down
blood flow to the brain goes up
blood flow to the skin goes down
what is the function of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and where is it located?
location: anterior pituitary
function: stimulates growth of follicle in menstrual cycle and also stimulates the production of sperm
what is the function of LH (Luteinizing hormone) and where is it located?
location: anterior pituitary
function: surge in LH causes ovulation. it stimulates secretion of sex hormones estrogen and testosterone
what is the function of ALTH and where is it located?
location: anterior pituitary
function: acts on adrenal cortex to stimulate the release of glucocorticoids-cortisol and aldosterone
what is the function of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) and where is it located?
location: anterior pituitary
function: acts on thyroid - stimulates release of T3 and T4
what is the function of Prolactin and where is it located?
location: anterior pituitary
function: stimulates milk production in the breast
what is the function of GH (growth hormone) and where is it located?
location: anterior pituitary
function: stimulates growth throughout the body
what is the function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and where is it located?
location: posterior pituitary
function: acts on the collecting duct, making it permeable to H2O. leads to H2O retention and increase in blood pressure
what is the function of Oxytocin and where is it located?
location: posterior pituitary
function: stimulates milk secretion during nursing and stimulates contractions during childbirth
what is the function of PTH and where is it located?
location: parathyroid
function: stimulates osteoclast activity, breaking down bone and increasing blood Ca2+ levels and blood pressure
what is the function of Glucagon and where is it located?
location: pancreas
function: stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown to increase blood glucose
what is the function of Insulin and where is it located?
location: pancreas
function: decrease blood glucose by stimulating glycolysis and glycogen synthesis
what is the function of hCG(Human chorionic gonadotropin) and where is it located?
location: placenta
function: prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum, maintaining pregnancy
what is the function of Calcitonin and where is it located?
location: thyroid
function: gets calcium out of blood and into bone
what is the function of Cortisol and where is it located?
location: adrenal cortex
function: stress hormone; increase in blood glucose and stimulates break down of fats
what is the function of Aldosterone and where is it located?
location: adrenal cortex
function: acts on distal convoluted tubule to increase Na+ retention and H2O retention. leads to increase in blood pressure
what is the function of Testosterone and where is it located?
location: gonads (testes)
function: stimulates secondary sex characteristics
what is the function of Estrogen and where is it located?
location: gonads (ovaries)
function: causes L.H. surge during menstruation; stimulates female sex organs
what is the function of Progesterone and where is it located?
location: gonads (ovaries)
function: stimulates growth and maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy
what is the function of T3 and T4 and where is it located?
location: thyroid
function: increase in basal metabolic rate
what is the function of Norepinephrine and Epinephrine and where is it located?
location: adrenal medulla
function: fight or flight, similar to sympathetic N.S.
which hormones are steroid/lipid soluble
cortisol, aldosterone, testerone, estrogen, progesterone
what class is T3 and T4
lipid solublew
what class is Norepinephrine and Epinephrine?
H2O soluble
what is the function of Bowman’s Capsule/Glomerulus?
filters blood to create piltrate
what is the function of Proximal Convoluted Tubule?
H2O reuptake
what is the function of the Loop of Henle
descending: H2O reuptake, impermeable to ions
ascending: Na+/Cl- reuptake
what is the function of distal convoluted tubule?
aldosterone acts here to increase Na+ reuptake, which increases H2O reuptake
what is the function of the collecting duct?
ADH acts here to increase H2O solubility, which increase H2O reuptake
where does O2/CO2 gas exchange occur?
alveoli
as the diaphragm muscle _________, it ________ the volume of the thoracic cavity. this is known as diaphragm flexion.
as the diaphragm muscle contracts, it increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. this is known as diaphragm flexion.
as the diaphragm muscle _________, it ________ the volume of the thoracic cavity. this is known as diaphragm extension.
as the diaphragm muscle relaxes, it decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity. this is known as diaphragm flexion.
as volume ________, pressure ________, drawing air into the lungs
as volume increases, pressure decreases, drawing air into the lungs (contraction)
as volume ________, pressure ________, pushing air out of the lungs
as volume decreases, pressure increases, pushing air out of the lungs (relaxation)
what is the blood buffer system?
CO2 + H2O <–> HCO3- + H+
what is the function of the cardiovascular system
deliver O2 and nutrients to cells
pick up CO2 and waste, carry them to lungs and kidneys
arteries carry blood _____
blood away from the heart
veins carry blood _______
blood to the heart
organize these into Large, Smaller, Smallest
artery
arteriole
venule
capillary
vein
larger: artery & vein
smaller: arteriole & venule
smallest: capillary
describe the flow
artery
arteriole
venule
capillary
vein
heart
heart -> artery -> arteriole -> capillary -> venule -> vein ->heart and then back again
what are three things blood does
- transport nutrients, gases, waste products/hormones to and from cells
- regulate extracellular environment & maintain homeostasis
- protect body from foreign bodies
what 3 things is blood composed of?
plasma - 55% of blood
buffy coat (leukocytes & platelets) - <1%
erythrocytes - 45%
microfilaments are composed of
actin
how many hydrogen bonds does GC have?
how about AT?
2 for AT (think that it makes the word ‘at’ with just two words)
3 for GC (think that you’ll need more to make an actual word out of GC)
