Psychology 1 (complete) Flashcards
besides the pathways
all these are aides to memory. define them
mnemonic
chunking
peg word system
method of loci
mnemonic: using the first letter of a sentence to make a shorter version
chunking: separating long sets of something into short things (ex. telephone numbers)
peg word system: method for memorizing lists
method of loci: memorizing lists due to visual checkpoints
amnesia
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
dementia
prospective memory
amnesia: loss of memory due to brain damage
anterograde amnesia: inability to create new memories
retrograde amnesia: inability to remember previous memories
dementia: gradual decline in mental function
prospective memory: ability to remember to do something at some future time
automatic spreading activation
Said to occur when the primer is a category name and the target is an example within that category
category size effect
make the category more specific for recall
ex. “a poodle is a dog” is easily verifiable compared to “poodle is a mammal”
classical conditioning means what kind of response
instinctual responses
compare infant brains to adult brains
infant brains have the same number of neurons
more synapses
fewer glial cells
confabulation
misinformation effect
source monitoring errors
confabulation: detailed and vivid falsely created memories
misinformation effect: presentation of inaccurate post event information can cause accurate memory to be altered
source monitoring errors: source amnesia
does the brain ever recover from a CNS injury?
the brain is able to reassign certian functions from the injured part to another part
if there’s a seizure, one full hemisphere is removed to prevent damage and more seizures
familiarity effect
increase level of familiarity to increase recall
ex. “dog is a mammal” rather than saying “aardvark is a mammal”
habituation
decreased focus on a stimulus after it has been presented multiple times
ex. during an exam, somebody is clicking their pen over and over again, but after a few minutes you do not even notice
dishabituation
after the process of habituation occurs, another stimulus occurs and interrupts the process of habituation
ex. after becoming habituated to the pen clicking, someone drops a book. once you are startled by the noise, you start noticing the pen clicking again
sensitization
sensitization: opposite of habituation
how does emotion play a role in remembering things
heightened emotional states are remembered more easily
interference effects
a new memory thats similar to an old one so they clash
korsakoff’s syndrome
what is it caused by and how
caused by severe thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
caused by chronic alcohol abuse
symptoms of Korsakoff’s syndrome
frequent vomiting
inflamed GI linings
poor eating habits
maintenance rehearsal vs elaborative rehearsal
maintenance: repetitive rehearsal of new information without thinking about meaning/context
elaborative: rehearsal of info after thinking about the meaning
neural plasticity
ability of the brain and neurons to physically change in response to stimuli
operant processes define:
shaping:
extinction:
shaping: reinforcement to induce target behavior
extinction: elimination of a behavior that has previously been acquired
positive vs negative recall
which is remembered more easily?
how does it work for people suffering from depression?
how does it work for older people?
positive memories are remember more easily; people with depression remember both equally; older adults show a stronger bias for positive vs negative memories
priming effect
presenting a related word increases recall
ex. doctor is the primer and nurse is the target
proactive vs retroactive interference
proactive: old memories interfere with the formation of new ones
retroactive: new memories interfere with recall of old ones
self reference effect
brain remembers stuff more easily when you relate it back to yourself
serial position effect
primacy effect
recency effect
serial position effect: presentation order
primacy effect: first few concepts presented is more easily remembered
recency effect: last few concepts will be remembered more easily
shallow vs deep processing
shallow: visual and/or sound processing
deep: semantic processing
spreading activation
how semantic networks process recall events; thinking one node causes you to think of connected nodes. the shorter the connection, the faster the connection speed and the stronger the connection
stimulus types in classical conditioning:
neutral
unconditioned
conditioned
GIVE EXAMPLES
neutral: something that does not elicit a response. ex. bell for the dogs
unconditioned: food presented to the dogs bc it causes salivation naturally, no learning required
conditioned: something presented that does not happen naturally (correlated with the conditioned response of salivating when hearing the bell)
synaptic pruning
weak & least frequently used synapses are pruned while the most frequently used are strengthened
testing effect is?
Test -> Learn -> Rephrase
normally testing is last but in this effect it comes before the actual learning
true or false: fresh long term memory is fragile
true: you need to be able to review this memory
true-false effect
true statements are verified more quickly than false statements
types of memories
sensory
working
short term
long term
episodic
semantic
sensory: information is first processed with this; short-lived
working: actively engaged memory
short term: sensory memory is converted into this for storage
long term: essentially limitless
episodic: things like your first day of school, graduation etc.;
semantic: factual stuff like algebra
types of reinforcement
positive
negative
positive: giving something in order to encourage a behavior ( give a kid candy when he practices piano so that he keeps practicing)
negative: removing something in order to encourage a behavior (remove a choire if he practices so that he keeps practicing)
types of punishment
positive
negative
positive: giving something to discourage behavior (giving a spanking when child arrives after curfew)
negative: removing something to discourage a behavior (take away their phone when a child arrives home after curfew)
types of retrieval
recall: retrieval of memory
recognition: associating info with an existing memory
relearning: increased learning efficiency
typicality effect
using a typical example to increase recall
ex. “robin is a bird” rather than saying “penguin is a bird”
what are the three types of encoding
Visual: encoding of image or visual
acoustic: encoding of sound
sematic: encoding meaning and understanding of information
What are the three types of memories
encoding, storage, retrieval
what causes a person to forget
insufficient repetition; cramming
what does operant conditioning entail
reinforcement or punishment of voluntary behavior
what is alzheimer’s disease? what age does it affect people? what are the physiological changes (what are the two main things)?
-AD is a neurodegenerative disease causes memory loss, impaired cognition, and language degeneration
-usually in older people, 65+
- B-amyloid plaques OUTSIDE the cell & neurofibrillary tangles INSIDE the cell
what is automatic vs controlled processing? give an example
things that you can do that takes no conscious effort
ex. walking & talking on your phone)
controlled processing is things that take thought such as solving a math problem
what is state dependent learning
memory is linked to a sight sound smell taste etc
what is the difference between memory and learning
memory is the storage and retrieval of information
learning is a change in behavior due to experience
what is:
acquisition
extinction
spontaneous recovery
generalization
discrimination
acquisition: when a stimuli has been acquired
extinction: over time, the conditioned response will fade
spontaneous recovery: if the conditioned stimulus is reintroduced, then the response comes back
generalization: individuals will generalize a conditioned response
discrimination: when you focus on one single stimuli while ignoring others
memory definition vs learning definition
memory: storage and retrieval of information
learning: long lasting change in behavior resulting from experience
a working memory is the same as ________ memory. how long does it last?
short term; <30secs
explicit vs implicit memory
explicit: conscious and intentional recall
implicit: automatic and unconscious recall
what is episodic memory
remembering specific events or situations
what is semantic memory
remembering facts and data
fixed interval vs variable interval
reinforcement is provided after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement
reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
fixed ratio vs variable ratio
fixed: reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses have occured
variable: reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable number of responses have occured
escape learning vs avoidance learning
when punishment results in leaving a bad situation
when punishment results in avoiding a bad situation altogether
rules based processing
humans can become aware that conditioning is occuring, skewing the results
latent learning
when humans/animals learn a behavior without a reward, and then demonstrate that behavior when a reward is presented
biological processes
it’s much harder to associate a sense of nausea to a sound than a food
instrintive drift
animal can ignore conditioning in the presence of a strong instinctual driver (such as food)
what is weber’s law
the minimum noticeable threshold is determined by the magnitude of the original stimulus
ex. 5lb difference is much more noticeable when the original weight is 10lbs rather than 100lbs
describe sensation and threshold in terms of sensing the enviroment
sensation: detection of stimuli by receptors, which connect the stimuli into electrical impulses that can be interpreted by the CNS
threshold: minimum difference between 2 stimuli that can be determined by the CNS
sensory adaptation is (physiological/psychological) and habituation is (physiological/psychological)
physiological
psychological
rods vs cones
define in terms of activity vision, concentration, and what can be seen
rods: low activity vision, highly concentrated, black & white
cones: high activity vision, low concentration, sees colors
what do olfactory neurons do
convert ions and compounds in the air to electrical impulses that can be interpreted by the brain
where is does the brain taste form
thalamus
what is somatosensation
touch, texture, pain, pressure etc.
what is kinesthetic sense
body positioning and relative location/movement of joints and limbs
what is vestibular sense
balance and orientation
what does converging lens in the eye results in
forms a real positive inverted image
what effect does aging have episodic memory? how about semantic?
episodic: very sharp decline
semantic: little to no decline
what is long term potentiation
the more you activate a synapse, the stronger that the synapse becomes
what is long term depression
the less you activate a synapse, the weaker that synapse becomes
what is the brain able to do after a traumatic brain injury?
brain is able to reassign functions that were damaged to healthy parts of the brain
social cognitive theory
theory that tries to explain behavior and learning
