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Year 10 > psychology > Flashcards

psychology Flashcards

perception

1
Q

what is perception

A

this is how our brain interpret information from our senses

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2
Q

what is sensation

A

information from our sensory environment

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3
Q

what are visual illusions

A

when the brain misinterprets visual stimuli, causing people to see something that’s not actually there

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4
Q

give examples of visual illusion

A

ponzo, muller-Lyer, rubins vase, kanisza triangle, ames room,

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5
Q

what are depth cues

A

clues in the environment that help you understand how close or far away things are

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6
Q

what is a monocular depth cue

A

a depth cue in which you use one eye

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7
Q

what is a binocular depth cue

A

a depth cue in which you use two eyes

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8
Q

give examples of monocular depth cues

A

height in plane, linear perspective, occlusion, relative size

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9
Q

what is height in plane

A

objects which appear higher look further away

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10
Q

what is linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge in distance

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11
Q

what is occlusion

A

objects that are obscured appear further away

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12
Q

what is relative size

A

objects of similar size appear smaller when they are further away

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13
Q

give some examples of binocular depth cue

A

retinal disparity, convergence

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14
Q

what is convergence

A

The closer an object is, the more the eyes must rotate inwards

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15
Q

what is retinal disparity

A

the idea that each eye sees things diffrently as they are both at different angles

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16
Q

what did Gibson suggest about perception

A

perception is innate as we are born with it

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17
Q

what did Gibson suggest about sensation and perception

A

they are the same

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18
Q

what is inference

A

means making conclusions or guesses about what we perceive based on the sensory data we have

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19
Q

what are the four main things Gibson talks about in his theory

A

optic flow, motion parallax, nature, suffficient information from the environment

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20
Q

what is motion parallax

A

objects near us appear to move faster in relation to us, while objects far away appear to move slower.

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21
Q

what are optic flow patterns

A

when our destination is stationery but everything else will move away from it

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22
Q

sufficient info in the environment

A

Gibson believes that all the info that we need to judge and depth exist in the environment

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23
Q

what are the strengths of Gibson’s theory

A

it has real-world meaning. The research was based on the experience of pilots from the Second World War. This makes it more relevant to explain how we perceive the world daily.
the visual cliff experiment support this theory as it shows us that babies already know that going off a cliff is dangerous which means they have the perception of depth. As a result making it more reliable

24
Q

give one weakness of Gibson’s theory

A

doesn’t explain visual illusions as it doesn’t explain why in the scenario of the Rubin vase, some people see the vase while some see two heads. therefore we can’t trust this theory

25
Q

what does Gregory suggest about perception

A

perception is learned over time through inferences from past experiences and schemas

26
Q

what does Gregory suggest about sensation and perception

A

They are two different things

27
Q

what is perceptual set

A

tendency to select certain information that is deemed important, focus on it and ignore less “relevant” aspects of what we see.

28
Q

what are the factors that influence perceptual set

A

influenced by culture, motivation, emotion and expectation

29
Q

what was the aim of the Hudson’s study

A

wanted to find out whether people from different cultures interpret 2D images differently

30
Q

what was the method of Hudson’s Study

A

he showed educated and uneducated south Africans and schooled and non schooled Europeans pictures of a hunter attacking an antelope standing close to him, with an elephant standing on a hill far behind the hunter.

31
Q

what were the results of Hudson’s Study

A

schooled participants were able to percieve depth than unschooled participants. white participants were more likely to percieve depth than balck schooled participants

32
Q

what was the conclusion of hudson’s study

A

People from different cultural/educational backgrounds use depth cues differently and have a different perceptual set.

33
Q

give strengths of Gregory’s study

A

it is useful because it explains visual illusions and how and why people perciebe things differently through visual cues. Therefore this is a strength because it makes it more valid because it explains all the spects of perception rather than Gibson.
Supported by Hudson’s study which shows that people with diffrent cultural backgrounds percieve things diffrently, so culture affects human perception. therefore this a strength because there’s another supporting study that shows perception is a learned ability making it more valid.

34
Q

give one weakness of the Gregory study

A

Gregory theory states that perception is learned but Gibson theory says that perception is innate and because this two theories oppose each other we wouldn’t know who to trust. Therefore this a weakness because we don’t know which one is right.

35
Q

what are the four things Gregory talks about in his theory

A

nurture
visual cues
pereception as a construction
inference

36
Q

what is culture

A

refers to the beliefs ansd expectations that surround us

37
Q

what are weaknesses of hudson’s study

A

one weakness is the instructions may not make sense to them.
The language barrier means translations of the method may not be clear
This will therefore affect the validity of the results.
A further weakness is that Hudson’s study is from a long time ago and had some design issues
For example, the tester asked the questions out loud and may have unconsciously indicated which answer to give.
This means the conclusion may lack validity.

38
Q

What was the aim of McGinnies study of emotion

A

he wanted to know whether it took longer to say words that may cause embarrassment than words that do not.

39
Q

what was the method of McGinnies study of emotion

A

Eight male and eight female students were shown neutral and offensive ‘taboo’ words flashed on a screen. After each word was shown participants had to say it out loud. The amount of emotional arousal was measured through their galvanic skin response (GSR) which records electrical changes in the skin.

40
Q

what were the results of McGinnies study of emotion

A

participants took longer to say offensive words than neutral ones. Taboo words produced bigger changes in the GSR than neutral words.

41
Q

what was the conclusion for McGinnies study of emotion

A

emotion affects perceptual set. Perceptual defence is used by the brain when confronted with words that are offensive or cause anxiety.

42
Q

evaluate MCGinees study

A

One strength of this study is that it used an objective measurement of emotion. A scientific method was used (the GSR) to test biological anxiety responses. This produces results that are less open to bias than, so they are more reliable.

One weakness of studies in this area is that the results are contradictory. This is because sometimes they suggest we are more likely to notice emotional material, and sometimes we are less likely. This makes it difficult for psychologists to draw firm conclusions.

43
Q

what was the aim of Bruner and Minturn study (expectation)

A

to find out whether the context in which ambigous figures are shown affects how humans affects our perceptual set

44
Q

what was the method of Bruner and Minturn study (expectation)

A

ambigous figures that can be read as a letter or number was used. one group was shown letters while another was shown numbers. They told them to draw what they saw.

45
Q

what were the results of Bruner and Minturn study (expectation)

A

Parucipants shown letters drew letters an dparticipants shown numbers drew numbers

46
Q

what was the conclusion of Bruner and Minturn study (expectation)

A

expectation is an important influence on perceptual set

47
Q

give Weakness and strengths of Bruner and Minturn study (expectation)

A

It used an artificial task.
-An ambiguous figure is designed to trick perception.
This makes the results lack validity.
It has real-life application.

-It can explain errors that people make
- it shows perception is an ctive process in which someone comes up with a hypothesis.
-the importance of expectaions and context in perception makes us understand and avoid errors of judgement

48
Q

briefly explain Ponzo illusion

A

The converging lines give us the impression of distance . rule of size constancy allows us to understand that things in the distance aren’t as small as they look. we enlarge the upper line because as we perceive it further away

49
Q

what was the aim of gilchrist and nesberg Study(Motivation)

A

Was to find out how food deprivation affected the perception of food related pictures.

50
Q

What was the method of Gilchrist and Nesberg Study (Motivation)

A

He had two groups. One group (26 undergraduates) who were hungry for 20 hours and a control group that weren’t hungry. He showed them 4 slides for 15 seconds. After each slide was shown the projector was turned off and then on again and this time dimmer. The participants were asked adjusted the lighting knob to make the pictures look like they were before.

51
Q
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51
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52
Q

What is one weakness of Gilchrist and Nesberg Study

A

The study is artificial. This is bad because they used food images and not real food. This reduces validity of results

53
Q

What was the strength of Gilchrist and Nesberg Study (Motivation)

A

The study was done in a lab which meant it was in controlled conditions. This is a strength because it means the study wasn’t affected by any extraneous variables.

54
Q

What were the results of Gilchrist and Nesberg Study (Motivation)

A

They found out that the hungry group perceived the pictures more brightly than the control group that were not hungry

55
Q

What was the conclusion of Gilchrist and Nesberg Study (Motivation)

A

Motivation influences our perceptual set

Year 10 (7 decks)

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