psychology Flashcards

Question

what does Gregory suggest about perception

Answer 1

perception is learned over time through inferences from past experiences and schemas

Answer 2

They are two different things

Answer 3

tendency to select certain information that is deemed important, focus on it and ignore less "relevant" aspects of what we see.

Answer 4

influenced by culture, motivation, emotion and expectation

Answer 5

wanted to find out whether people from different cultures interpret 2D images differently

Answer 6

he showed educated and uneducated south Africans and schooled and non schooled Europeans pictures of a hunter attacking an antelope standing close to him, with an elephant standing on a hill far behind the hunter.

Answer 7

schooled participants were able to percieve depth than unschooled participants. white participants were more likely to percieve depth than balck schooled participants

Answer 8

People from different cultural/educational backgrounds use depth cues differently and have a different perceptual set.

Answer 9

it is useful because it explains visual illusions and how and why people perciebe things differently through visual cues. Therefore this is a strength because it makes it more valid because it explains all the spects of perception rather than Gibson. Supported by Hudson's study which shows that people with diffrent cultural backgrounds percieve things diffrently, so culture affects human perception. therefore this a strength because there's another supporting study that shows perception is a learned ability making it more valid.

Answer 10

Gregory theory states that perception is learned but Gibson theory says that perception is innate and because this two theories oppose each other we wouldn't know who to trust. Therefore this a weakness because we don't know which one is right.

Answer 11

nurture visual cues pereception as a construction inference

Answer 12

refers to the beliefs ansd expectations that surround us

Answer 13

one weakness is the instructions may not make sense to them. The language barrier means translations of the method may not be clear This will therefore affect the validity of the results. A further weakness is that Hudson's study is from a long time ago and had some design issues For example, the tester asked the questions out loud and may have unconsciously indicated which answer to give. This means the conclusion may lack validity.

Answer 14

he wanted to know whether it took longer to say words that may cause embarrassment than words that do not.

Answer 15

Eight male and eight female students were shown neutral and offensive 'taboo' words flashed on a screen. After each word was shown participants had to say it out loud. The amount of emotional arousal was measured through their galvanic skin response (GSR) which records electrical changes in the skin.

Answer 16

participants took longer to say offensive words than neutral ones. Taboo words produced bigger changes in the GSR than neutral words.

Answer 17

emotion affects perceptual set. Perceptual defence is used by the brain when confronted with words that are offensive or cause anxiety.

Answer 18

One strength of this study is that it used an objective measurement of emotion. A scientific method was used (the GSR) to test biological anxiety responses. This produces results that are less open to bias than, so they are more reliable. One weakness of studies in this area is that the results are contradictory. This is because sometimes they suggest we are more likely to notice emotional material, and sometimes we are less likely. This makes it difficult for psychologists to draw firm conclusions.

Answer 19

to find out whether the context in which ambigous figures are shown affects how humans affects our perceptual set

Answer 20

ambigous figures that can be read as a letter or number was used. one group was shown letters while another was shown numbers. They told them to draw what they saw.

Answer 21

Parucipants shown letters drew letters an dparticipants shown numbers drew numbers

Answer 22

expectation is an important influence on perceptual set

Answer 23

It used an artificial task. -An ambiguous figure is designed to trick perception. This makes the results lack validity. It has real-life application. -It can explain errors that people make - it shows perception is an ctive process in which someone comes up with a hypothesis. -the importance of expectaions and context in perception makes us understand and avoid errors of judgement

Answer 24

The converging lines give us the impression of distance . rule of size constancy allows us to understand that things in the distance aren't as small as they look. we enlarge the upper line because as we perceive it further away

Answer 25

Was to find out how food deprivation affected the perception of food related pictures.

Answer 26

He had two groups. One group (26 undergraduates) who were hungry for 20 hours and a control group that weren't hungry. He showed them 4 slides for 15 seconds. After each slide was shown the projector was turned off and then on again and this time dimmer. The participants were asked adjusted the lighting knob to make the pictures look like they were before.

Answer 27

The study is artificial. This is bad because they used food images and not real food. This reduces validity of results

Answer 28

The study was done in a lab which meant it was in controlled conditions. This is a strength because it means the study wasn't affected by any extraneous variables.

Answer 29

They found out that the hungry group perceived the pictures more brightly than the control group that were not hungry

Answer 30

Motivation influences our perceptual set